Slovnica ~57 min jedra še preostane

Govoriti o navadah in učenju

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam opaziti razliko med „nehal je nekaj delati“ in „ustavil se je, da bi nekaj naredil“ — in ne reči nasprotnega od tega, kar sem mislil.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 57 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

16 min

Na A2 #21 si se naučil dva seznama: za enimi glagoli stoji oblika na -ing (enjoy reading, finish writing), za drugimi to + glagol (want to learn, decide to change). Bili so tudi glagoli, ki sprejmejo obe obliki skoraj brez razlike: start, begin, like, love, hate — It started raining = It started to rain.

Zdaj pa glagoli, za katerimi sta mogoči obe obliki, a je pomen različen, včasih nasproten. Pet jih je: stop, remember, forget, try, regret.

Splošno načelo. Oblika na -ing poimenuje samo dejanje — tisto, ki je že bilo ali že poteka. to + glagol gleda naprej: na opravilo, ki je še pred nami, ali na namen.

stop. stop + -ing — prenehati, opustiti: He stopped smoking ten years ago. — „Nehal je kaditi.“ Stop talking, please. — „Nehajte govoriti.“ It's stopped raining. — „Dež je ponehal.“ stop + to — ustaviti se, prekiniti drugo opravilo, da bi nekaj naredil: On the way home he stopped to buy some bread. — „Na poti domov se je ustavil, da bi kupil kruh.“ Tu to pomeni „da bi“ — nedoločnik namena iz A2 #21.

remember. remember + -ing — spominjati se nečesa, kar je bilo: I remember locking the door. — „Spomnim se, da sem zaklenil vrata.“ Najprej dejanje, nato spomin nanj. remember + to — pomisliti na opravilo in ga opraviti, ne pozabiti: Remember to lock the door. — „Ne pozabi zakleniti vrat.“ Did you remember to buy milk? Najprej si se spomnil, nato naredil.

forget. forget + to — pozabiti nekaj narediti; dejanja ni bilo: I forgot to call her. — „Pozabil sem jo poklicati.“ Don't forget to send the email. forget + -ing skoraj vedno stoji v I'll never forget… — o močnem vtisu: I'll never forget seeing the sea for the first time. — „Nikoli ne bom pozabil, kako sem prvič videl morje.“

try. try + to — truditi se, skušati; opravilo je težko in se morda ne posreči: I tried to open the window, but it was stuck. — „Skušal sem odpreti okno, a se je zataknilo.“ try + -ing — poskusiti kot način, za preizkus: If the laptop is slow, try restarting it. — „Če je prenosnik počasen, ga poskusi znova zagnati.“ Dejanje samo po sebi ni težko; vprašanje je, ali bo pomagalo.

regret. regret + -ing — obžalovati, kar si storil: I regret selling my old car. — „Obžalujem, da sem prodal stari avto.“ regret + to se pojavlja skoraj samo v uradnih obvestilih: We regret to inform you that the flight has been cancelled. — „Z obžalovanjem sporočamo, da je let odpovedan.“

Pregledna tabela:

glagol + -ing + to
stop He stopped smoking. — nehal je He stopped to smoke. — ustavil se je za cigareto
remember I remember locking it. — spomnim se, da sem zaklenil Remember to lock it. — ne pozabi zakleniti
forget I'll never forget meeting her. — vtis I forgot to call her. — nisem poklical
try Try restarting it. — poskusi ta način I tried to open it. — trudil sem se, s težavo
regret I regret saying that. — obžalujem, kar sem rekel We regret to inform you… — z obžalovanjem sporočamo

Primerjaj — isto dejanje in dva vrstna reda dogodkov:

I remember posting the letter. najprej sem ga poslal, zdaj se tega spomnim
I remembered to post the letter. najprej sem se spomnil, nato poslal

Nikalnica stoji pred -ing ali pred to: I regret not learning to swim. — „Obžalujem, da se nisem naučil plavati.“ Try not to worry. — „Skušaj se ne vznemirjati.“

Kako izbrati po slovenski povedi. Namig običajno da slovenska poved sama:

po slovensko po angleško
nehal, prenehal, opustil stop + -ing
ustavil se, da bi; prekinil, da bi stop + to
spominjam se, kako…; spomnim se, da sem naredil remember + -ing
ne pozabi; nisem pozabil narediti remember + to, don't forget + to
pozabil sem narediti forget + to
nikoli ne bom pozabil, kako… never forget + -ing
trudil sem se, skušal sem try + to
poskusi (kot način) try + -ing
obžalujem, da sem naredil regret + -ing

Če dvomiš, se vprašaj: se je dejanje že zgodilo ali je še pred nami? Že zgodilo — -ing, pred nami — to. Edini primer, kjer to vprašanje ne pomaga, je try: tam odloča, ali je težko samo dejanje (to) ali je vprašanje le, ali bo pomagalo (-ing).

Tako se ne reče. ✗ I remember to lock the door yesterday → ✓ I remember locking the door yesterday. O preteklem dejanju, ki se ga spominjaš, — samo -ing.

Preveri se. Kaj pomeni She stopped to talk to me? Kako rečeš „Ne pozabi kupiti kruha“? Kaj svetujejo v Try switching it off and on again?

prikaži odgovore
ustavila se je, da bi govorila z mano; Remember to buy some bread ali Don't forget to buy some bread; poskusiti izklopiti in znova vklopiti — kot način, da bi stvar popravili.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

„Nehal je kaditi“ s to

He stopped to smoke pomeni „ustavil se je, da bi pokadil cigareto“. Če hočeš reči „nehal je kaditi“, je potrebno ✓ He stopped smoking. V slovenščini za „nehati“ in „začeti“ stoji nedoločnik — „nehal je kaditi“ — in v angleščino se prenese kot to. Tu ta navada obrne pomen v nasprotje.

2

remember to o preteklosti

✗ I remember to meet him in Paris last year

✓ I remember meeting him in Paris last year

Slovenščina pove to dvoje različno: „spominjam se, da sem ga srečal“ — spomin, in „ne pozabi ga poklicati“ — opravilo. Angleščina ima za oboje en remember, razliko pa nosi oblika: spomin — -ing, opravilo — to.

3

regret + to o storjenem

✗ I regret to sell my car

✓ I regret selling my car

„Obžalujem, da sem prodal“ ne namigne na -ing, to pa se zdi privzeta oblika za vsakim glagolom. A obžalujemo, kar je že storjeno — torej -ing.

4

En „poskusiti“ za oboje

I tried calling her pomeni „poskusil sem jo poklicati“ — kot eno od možnosti, na primer da bi jo našel. Če hočeš povedati, da si se trudil in ti ni uspelo, je običajnejše ✓ I tried to call her, but she didn't answer. Slovenski „poskusiti“ pokrije oboje in vedno stoji z nedoločnikom, zato se razlika ne sliši. V angleščini je v obliki.

Izgovorjava

4 min

Obe obliki loči nenaglašeni konec:

stopped smoking /stɒpt ˈsməʊkɪŋ/ — pomen nosi -ing na koncu
stopped to smoke /stɒpt tə ˈsməʊk/ — šibki to

V stopped to se glasova /t/ zlijeta v en dolg glas: jezik se zadrži, in po premoru zazveni /tə/. Ne pogoltni tega šibkega to: brez njega se „ustavil se je za cigareto“ na posluh spremeni v „nehal je kaditi“.

-ing se izgovori /ɪŋ/, brez /ɡ/ ali /k/ na koncu: smoking /ˈsməʊkɪŋ/, ne „smoukink“.

Naglas: remember /rɪˈmembə/, regret /rɪˈɡret/, forget /fəˈɡet/ — na drugem zlogu, prvi je kratek in nenaglašen.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

When I was at university, I smoked, I ate badly and I never did any sport. Then, at twenty-five, I decided to change everything.

First, I stopped smoking. It was hard. For months, every time I walked past a newsagent's, I wanted to stop to buy cigarettes. I tried to give up three times before it finally worked. What helped in the end? A friend told me to try chewing gum — and it worked.

Then I started learning Spanish. I tried learning with an app, but I often forgot to open it. So I tried going to evening classes instead, and that was much better. I still remember sitting in that cold classroom on Tuesday nights, trying to understand the teacher.

I'm not perfect. I sometimes forget to do my homework, and last week I forgot to take my book to class. But I don't regret starting. I'll never forget having my first real conversation in Spanish, in a little café in Seville.

My only regret? I regret giving up the piano at twelve. Maybe I'll try to start again next year.

Branje na glas

Vaje

32 min

1. Razreši oklepaje:

  1. He stopped (smoke) ten years ago
  2. On the way home I stopped (buy) some bread
  3. Please remember (lock) the door
  4. I clearly remember (lock) it — I'm sure
  5. I forgot (call) my mum yesterday
  6. I'll never forget (see) the Northern Lights
  7. I tried (open) the jar, but the lid was too tight
  8. If you can't sleep, try (read) a boring book
Prikaži odgovore
smoking; to buy; to lock; locking; to call; seeing; to open; reading

2. Povezovanje.

  1. He stopped to smoke.
  2. He stopped smoking.
  3. I remember posting it.
  4. I remembered to post it.
  5. I tried to call her.
  6. I tried calling her.
Prikaži odgovore
`He stopped to smoke.` — ustavil se je za cigareto; `He stopped smoking.` — nehal je kaditi; `I remember posting it.` — spomnim se samega trenutka pošiljanja; `I remembered to post it.` — nisem pozabil poslati; `I tried to call her.` — trudil sem se jo dobiti po telefonu; `I tried calling her.` — poskusil sem jo poklicati kot možnost

3. Popravi poved,

  1. He stopped to smoke last year. (nehal je kaditi)
  2. I remember to meet him in Paris. (spominjam se tistega srečanja)
  3. Did you remember buying milk? (nisi pozabil kupiti?)
  4. She stopped talking to her neighbour. (ustavila se je za pogovor)
  5. Try to switch it off and on again. (poskusi kot način)
  6. I forgot that I had sent the email. (pismo sploh ni bilo poslano)
  7. I'll never forget to swim with dolphins. (vtis)
  8. We regret informing you that the shop is closed. (uradno obvestilo)
Prikaži odgovore
He stopped smoking last year; I remember meeting him in Paris; Did you remember to buy milk? / Did you remember to buy some milk?; She stopped to talk to her neighbour; Try switching it off and on again; I forgot to send the email; I'll never forget swimming with dolphins; We regret to inform you that the shop is closed

4. Prepiši z glagolom iz oklepaja.

  1. He doesn't smoke any more. (stop)
  2. I locked the door. I can remember it clearly. (remember)
  3. Don't forget: send me the address. (remember)
  4. He was driving, and then he parked to answer the phone. (stop)
  5. I didn't post the letter. I forgot. (forget)
  6. I'm sorry that I didn't learn to swim. (regret)
  7. Drink more water — maybe it will help. (try)
Prikaži odgovore
He has stopped smoking / He's stopped smoking / He stopped smoking; I remember locking the door / I clearly remember locking the door; Remember to send me the address; He stopped to answer the phone; I forgot to post the letter; I regret not learning to swim; Try drinking more water

5. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Nehal sem jesti sladkor. 2) Na poti smo se ustavili, da bi pojedli kosilo. 3) Ne pozabi ugasniti luči. 4) Spomnim se, kako sva se prvič srečala. 5) Skušal sem ji razložiti, a me ni poslušala. 6) Obžalujem, da sem prodal avto.

Prikaži odgovore
I've stopped eating sugar / I stopped eating sugar; We stopped to have lunch on the way / On the way we stopped to have lunch / We stopped for lunch on the way; Remember to turn off the light / Don't forget to turn off the light / Don't forget to switch off the light / Remember to switch off the light; I remember meeting you for the first time / I remember the first time we met / I remember when we first met; I tried to explain it to her, but she wasn't listening / I tried to explain to her, but she didn't listen; I regret selling my car / I regret selling the car

6. Odgovori o sebi

s celimi povedmi. Rešitve spodaj so zgled. 1) What have you stopped doing, and why? 2) What do you often forget to do? 3) What will you never forget seeing?

Prikaži odgovore
I've stopped drinking coffee in the evening because I couldn't sleep; I often forget to charge my phone; I'll never forget seeing my daughter for the first time
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: pet glagolov, pri katerih oblika spremeni pomen — stop, remember, forget, try, regret; načelo „-ing — samo dejanje, to — kar je pred nami“; nikalnica not pred -ing in to. Sledi lekcija 22: prositi drugega ali narediti sam.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 94

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

14 besed
  • regret /rɪˈɡret/ obžalovati
  • give up /ˌɡɪv ˈʌp/ opustiti, nehati (navado, dejavnost)
  • smoke /sməʊk/ kaditi
  • cigarette /ˌsɪɡəˈret/ cigareta
  • newsagent's /ˈnjuːzeɪdʒənts/ trafika, kiosk s časopisi
  • chewing gum /ˈtʃuːɪŋ ɡʌm/ žvečilni gumi
  • classroom /ˈklɑːsruːm/ učilnica
  • homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ domača naloga
  • conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/ pogovor
  • restart /ˌriːˈstɑːt/ znova zagnati
  • jar /dʒɑː/ kozarec (za vlaganje)
  • lid /lɪd/ pokrov, pokrovček
  • tight /taɪt/ tesen, trdno privit
  • inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/ obvestiti (uradno)

Pisanje

Pet ali šest povedi o navadi, ki si jo opustil ali jo skušaš opustiti, in o tem, kaj je pomagalo. Vsaj trije glagoli iz lekcije.

Zgled

Two years ago I stopped eating sweets. I tried to stop many times before, but it never lasted. Then a friend told me to try eating fruit instead, and it worked. I still remember buying my last chocolate bar. I don't regret giving up sweets, but I sometimes forget to buy fruit, and then it's hard.

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