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Mogu da uočim razliku između „prestao je da radi nešto“ i „zastao je da uradi nešto“ — i da ne kažem suprotno od onoga što sam mislio.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 57 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

16 min

U A2 #21 naučio si dva spiska: posle jednih glagola dolazi oblik na -ing (enjoy reading, finish writing), posle drugih — to + glagol (want to learn, decide to change). Bili su i glagoli koji primaju oba oblika skoro bez razlike: start, begin, like, love, hate — It started raining = It started to rain.

Sada — glagoli posle kojih su mogući oba oblika, ali je značenje različito, ponekad suprotno. Ima ih pet: stop, remember, forget, try, regret.

Opšte načelo. Oblik na -ing imenuje samu radnju — ono što je već bilo ili već traje. to + glagol gleda unapred: na posao koji tek predstoji ili na cilj.

stop. stop + -ing — prestati, ostaviti: He stopped smoking ten years ago. — „Ostavio je pušenje pre deset godina.“ Stop talking, please. — „Prestanite da pričate.“ It's stopped raining. — „Kiša je prestala.“ stop + to — zastati, prekinuti drugi posao da bi se nešto uradilo: On the way home he stopped to buy some bread. — „Na putu kući svratio je da kupi hleb.“ Ovde je to „da“, „da bi“ — infinitiv namere iz A2 #21.

remember. remember + -ing — sećati se onoga što je bilo: I remember locking the door. — „Sećam se da sam zaključao vrata.“ Prvo radnja, zatim sećanje na nju. remember + to — setiti se posla i obaviti ga, ne zaboraviti: Remember to lock the door. — „Ne zaboravi da zaključaš vrata.“ Did you remember to buy milk? Prvo si se setio, zatim uradio.

forget. forget + to — zaboraviti da se nešto uradi; posla nije bilo: I forgot to call her. — „Zaboravio sam da je pozovem.“ Don't forget to send the email. forget + -ing skoro uvek stoji u I'll never forget… — o snažnom utisku: I'll never forget seeing the sea for the first time. — „Nikad neću zaboraviti kad sam prvi put video more.“

try. try + to — truditi se, pokušavati; posao je težak i možda neće uspeti: I tried to open the window, but it was stuck. — „Pokušao sam da otvorim prozor, ali se zaglavio.“ try + -ing — probati kao način, radi iskustva: If the laptop is slow, try restarting it. — „Ako laptop koči, probaj da ga restartuješ.“ Sama radnja nije teška; pitanje je da li će pomoći.

regret. regret + -ing — žaliti zbog onoga što si uradio: I regret selling my old car. — „Žao mi je što sam prodao stari auto.“ regret + to sreće se skoro samo u zvaničnim obaveštenjima: We regret to inform you that the flight has been cancelled. — „Sa žaljenjem vas obaveštavamo da je let otkazan.“

Zbirna tabela:

glagol + -ing + to
stop He stopped smoking. — ostavio pušenje He stopped to smoke. — zastao da zapali
remember I remember locking it. — sećam se da sam zaključao Remember to lock it. — ne zaboravi da zaključaš
forget I'll never forget meeting her. — utisak I forgot to call her. — nisam pozvao
try Try restarting it. — probaj taj način I tried to open it. — pokušavao sam, s mukom
regret I regret saying that. — žao mi je zbog rečenog We regret to inform you… — sa žaljenjem obaveštavamo

Uporedi — ista radnja i dva redosleda događaja:

I remember posting the letter. prvo sam poslao, sada se toga sećam
I remembered to post the letter. prvo sam se setio, zatim poslao

Odricanje stoji ispred -ing ili ispred to: I regret not learning to swim. — „Žao mi je što nisam naučio da plivam.“ Try not to worry. — „Potrudi se da ne brineš.“

Kako izabrati prema srpskoj rečenici. U srpskom posle svih ovih glagola stoji isto „da“, pa ono ne pomaže. Pomaže glagol i vreme posle „da“:

na srpskom na engleskom
prestao je da…, ostavio je (pušenje) stop + -ing
zastao je da…, svratio je da… stop + to
sećam se kako…; sećam se da sam (uradio) remember + -ing
seti se da…; ne zaboravi da…; nisam zaboravio da (uradim) remember + to, don't forget + to
zaboravio sam da (uradim) forget + to
nikad neću zaboraviti kako… never forget + -ing
pokušavao sam, trudio sam se try + to
probaj (kao način) try + -ing
žao mi je što sam (uradio) regret + -ing

Ako nisi siguran, pitaj se: da li se radnja već desila ili je tek pred nama? Već se desila — -ing, pred nama je — to. Jedini slučaj gde ovo pitanje ne pomaže je try: tamo odlučuje da li je sama radnja teška (to) ili je pitanje samo da li će pomoći (-ing).

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I remember to lock the door yesterday → ✓ I remember locking the door yesterday. O prošloj radnji koje se sećaš — samo -ing.

Proveri se. Šta znači She stopped to talk to me? Kako reći „Ne zaboravi da kupiš hleb“? Šta se savetuje u Try switching it off and on again?

prikaži odgovore
zastala je da popriča sa mnom; Remember to buy some bread ili Don't forget to buy some bread; da probaš da isključiš i ponovo uključiš — kao način da se popravi.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

„Prestao je da puši“ preko to

He stopped to smoke znači „zastao je da zapali“. Za „ostavio je pušenje“ potrebno je ✓ He stopped smoking. Srpsko „da“ se obično prevodi kao to (I want to go — „želim da idem“), a posle „prestao je“ stoji isto „da“. Ovde ta navika menja značenje u suprotno.

2

remember to o prošlosti

✗ I remember to meet him in Paris last year

✓ I remember meeting him in Paris last year

U srpskom i sećanje i zadatak idu sa „da“: „sećam se da sam ga sreo“, „seti se da ga sretneš“; razliku nosi vreme posle „da“. Kad se „da“ prenese kao to, nestane upravo ta razlika. U engleskom izbor oblika je izbor značenja: sećanje — -ing, zadatak — to.

3

Sve preko try to

I tried calling her znači „probao sam da je pozovem“ — kao jedan od načina, na primer da je nađem. Ako hoćeš da kažeš da si se trudio i nisi uspeo, uobičajenije je ✓ I tried to call her, but she didn't answer. Srpsko „probaj da…“ i „pokušao sam da…“ idu sa istim „da“, pa se try to koristi za sve. Savet „probaj ovaj način“ je try + -ing: Try restarting it.

Izgovor

4 min

Oba oblika razlikuje nenaglašeni kraj:

stopped smoking /stɒpt ˈsməʊkɪŋ/ — značenje nosi -ing na kraju
stopped to smoke /stɒpt tə ˈsməʊk/ — slabo to

U stopped to dva glasa /t/ stapaju se u jedan dug: jezik se zadrži, i posle pauze zvuči /tə/. Ne gutaj to slabo to: bez njega se „zastao da zapali“ na sluh pretvara u „ostavio pušenje“.

-ing se izgovara /ɪŋ/, bez /ɡ/ na kraju: smoking /ˈsməʊkɪŋ/, ne „smouking-g“.

Naglasak: remember /rɪˈmembə/, regret /rɪˈɡret/, forget /fəˈɡet/ — na drugom slogu, prvi je kratak i nenaglašen.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

When I was at university, I smoked, I ate badly and I never did any sport. Then, at twenty-five, I decided to change everything.

First, I stopped smoking. It was hard. For months, every time I walked past a newsagent's, I wanted to stop to buy cigarettes. I tried to give up three times before it finally worked. What helped in the end? A friend told me to try chewing gum — and it worked.

Then I started learning Spanish. I tried learning with an app, but I often forgot to open it. So I tried going to evening classes instead, and that was much better. I still remember sitting in that cold classroom on Tuesday nights, trying to understand the teacher.

I'm not perfect. I sometimes forget to do my homework, and last week I forgot to take my book to class. But I don't regret starting. I'll never forget having my first real conversation in Spanish, in a little café in Seville.

My only regret? I regret giving up the piano at twelve. Maybe I'll try to start again next year.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

32 min

1. Otvori zagrade:

  1. He stopped (smoke) ten years ago
  2. On the way home I stopped (buy) some bread
  3. Please remember (lock) the door
  4. I clearly remember (lock) it — I'm sure
  5. I forgot (call) my mum yesterday
  6. I'll never forget (see) the Northern Lights
  7. I tried (open) the jar, but the lid was too tight
  8. If you can't sleep, try (read) a boring book
Prikaži odgovore
smoking; to buy; to lock; locking; to call; seeing; to open; reading

2. Povezivanje.

  1. He stopped to smoke.
  2. He stopped smoking.
  3. I remember posting it.
  4. I remembered to post it.
  5. I tried to call her.
  6. I tried calling her.
Prikaži odgovore
`He stopped to smoke.` — zastao je da zapali; `He stopped smoking.` — ostavio je pušenje; `I remember posting it.` — sećam se samog trenutka slanja; `I remembered to post it.` — nisam zaboravio da pošaljem; `I tried to call her.` — trudio sam se da je dobijem; `I tried calling her.` — probao sam da je pozovem kao jednu mogućnost

3. Ispravi rečenicu

  1. He stopped to smoke last year. (ostavio je pušenje)
  2. I remember to meet him in Paris. (sećam se tog susreta)
  3. Did you remember buying milk? (nisi zaboravio da kupiš?)
  4. She stopped talking to her neighbour. (zastala je da popriča)
  5. Try to switch it off and on again. (probaj kao način)
  6. I forgot that I had sent the email. (pismo nije ni otišlo)
  7. I'll never forget to swim with dolphins. (utisak)
  8. We regret informing you that the shop is closed. (zvanično obaveštenje)
Prikaži odgovore
He stopped smoking last year; I remember meeting him in Paris; Did you remember to buy milk? / Did you remember to buy some milk?; She stopped to talk to her neighbour; Try switching it off and on again; I forgot to send the email; I'll never forget swimming with dolphins; We regret to inform you that the shop is closed

4. Prepiši sa glagolom iz zagrade.

  1. He doesn't smoke any more. (stop)
  2. I locked the door. I can remember it clearly. (remember)
  3. Don't forget: send me the address. (remember)
  4. He was driving, and then he parked to answer the phone. (stop)
  5. I didn't post the letter. I forgot. (forget)
  6. I'm sorry that I didn't learn to swim. (regret)
  7. Drink more water — maybe it will help. (try)
Prikaži odgovore
He has stopped smoking / He's stopped smoking / He stopped smoking; I remember locking the door / I clearly remember locking the door; Remember to send me the address; He stopped to answer the phone; I forgot to post the letter; I regret not learning to swim; Try drinking more water

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Prestao sam da jedem šećer. 2) Usput smo stali da ručamo. 3) Ne zaboravi da ugasiš svetlo. 4) Sećam se kako smo se prvi put sreli. 5) Pokušao sam da joj objasnim, ali nije slušala. 6) Žao mi je što sam prodao auto.

Prikaži odgovore
I've stopped eating sugar / I stopped eating sugar; We stopped to have lunch on the way / On the way we stopped to have lunch / We stopped for lunch on the way; Remember to turn off the light / Don't forget to turn off the light / Don't forget to switch off the light / Remember to switch off the light; I remember meeting you for the first time / I remember the first time we met / I remember when we first met; I tried to explain it to her, but she wasn't listening / I tried to explain to her, but she didn't listen; I regret selling my car / I regret selling the car

6. Odgovori punim rečenicama

— o sebi. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) What have you stopped doing, and why? 2) What do you often forget to do? 3) What will you never forget seeing?

Prikaži odgovore
I've stopped drinking coffee in the evening because I couldn't sleep; I often forget to charge my phone; I'll never forget seeing my daughter for the first time
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno

  • pet glagola kod kojih oblik menja značenje — stop
  • remember
  • forget
  • try
  • regret; načelo „-ing — sama radnja
  • to — ono što je pred nama“; odricanje not ispred -ing i to

Sledi lekcija 22: zamoliti drugog ili uraditi sam.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 94

opciono

Reči za špil

14 reči
  • regret /rɪˈɡret/ žaliti, kajati se
  • give up /ˌɡɪv ˈʌp/ ostaviti, odustati (od navike, aktivnosti)
  • smoke /sməʊk/ pušiti
  • cigarette /ˌsɪɡəˈret/ cigareta
  • newsagent's /ˈnjuːzeɪdʒənts/ trafika
  • chewing gum /ˈtʃuːɪŋ ɡʌm/ žvakaća guma
  • classroom /ˈklɑːsruːm/ učionica
  • homework /ˈhəʊmwɜːk/ domaći zadatak
  • conversation /ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃn/ razgovor
  • restart /ˌriːˈstɑːt/ restartovati, ponovo pokrenuti
  • jar /dʒɑː/ tegla
  • lid /lɪd/ poklopac
  • tight /taɪt/ čvrsto zatvoren, tesan
  • inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/ obavestiti (zvanično)

Pisanje

Pet-šest rečenica o navici koju si ostavio ili pokušavaš da ostaviš, i o tome šta je pomoglo. Bar tri glagola iz lekcije.

Primer

Two years ago I stopped eating sweets. I tried to stop many times before, but it never lasted. Then a friend told me to try eating fruit instead, and it worked. I still remember buying my last chocolate bar. I don't regret giving up sweets, but I sometimes forget to buy fruit, and then it's hard.

Kontrolna lista

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