Ohranjati pogovor in preveriti
Znam vprašati še enkrat, potrditi in pokazati, da se strinjam ali da sem v enakem položaju.
Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.
Slovnica
18 minŽiv pogovor stoji na kratkih replikah: „res?“, „a ja?“, „jaz tudi“, „a ne?“. V slovenščini zanje zadostuje nekaj nespremenljivih besed. Angleščina jih gradi iz enega gradiva — pomožnega glagola povedi, na katero odgovarjaš. Ponovi se kot odmev: v vprašalnem dodatku, v povratnem vprašanju, v „jaz tudi“. Zato je prvi korak vedno isti: najti ta glagol.
Kje vzeti pomožni glagol. Če je v povedi be, have (v perfektu), can, will ali drug modalni glagol, je odmev on. Če ga ni — v Present Simple in Past Simple —, njegovo vlogo prevzame do, does ali did, kot v navadnem vprašanju.
| v povedi | odmev |
|---|---|
| You're tired. | are |
| They've finished. | have |
| She can swim. | can |
| You work here. | do |
| He lost his keys. | did |
Vprašalni dodatek (rep). Trditev, vejica in kratko vprašanje — „…, kajne?“, „…, a ne?“. Dodatek ima nasproten predznak kot poved: za trdilno povedjo je nikalen, za nikalno — trdilen. V dodatku sta samo pomožni glagol in zaimek.
| You're from Leeds, aren't you? | Vi ste iz Leedsa, kajne? |
| She works here, doesn't she? | Saj dela tukaj, a ne? |
| They've finished, haven't they? | Končali so, kajne? |
| It was a great film, wasn't it? | Odličen film, a ne? |
| You didn't call him, did you? | Saj ga nisi poklical, kajne? |
| He can't drive, can he? | Saj ne zna voziti, kajne? |
| There's a cash machine near here, isn't there? | Tu blizu je bankomat, a ne? |
Posebni primeri. Za I am je dodatek aren't I: I'm late, aren't I? Besede never, hardly, nobody so že nikalne (B1 #12), zato je dodatek za njimi trdilen: You've never been to Wales, have you? Za Let's… je dodatek shall we: Let's have a break, shall we?
Intonacija odloči, ali sprašuješ ali ne. Glas na dodatku pade ↘ — si prepričan in pričakuješ pritrditev: Lovely day, isn't it? Tako najpogosteje začnemo pogovor z neznancem. Glas se dvigne ↗ — res ne veš in sprašuješ: You're from Leeds, aren't you? — „…ali se motim?“.
Kratek odgovor. Na dodatek in na vsako vprašanje „da ali ne“ odgovorimo z istim odmevom: — You're from Leeds, aren't you? — Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. I'm from York. Golo Yes ali No zveni suhoparno.
Povratno vprašanje — „Ja? Res?“. Pomožni glagol in zaimek z istim predznakom kot pri sogovorniku in dvig glasu. Tako pokažemo zanimanje ali presenečenje in prosimo, naj pove še kaj:
| — I've just got back from Peru. — Have you? How was it? | Ja? In kako je bilo? |
| — She's moving to Canada. — Is she? | Res? |
| — I didn't sleep at all last night. — Didn't you? Why not? | Sploh nisi spal? |
| — We went to Iceland in January. — Did you? | A res? |
Če želiš preveriti podrobnost, ki je nisi slišal, v navadno vprašanje vstavi did you say: Sorry, where did you say she works? — „Oprostite, kje ste rekli, da dela?“. Ali preprosteje: Sorry, what did you say?, Sorry, could you say that again?
So do I in Neither do I — „jaz tudi“ in „jaz tudi ne“. So + pomožni glagol + osebek — strinjanje s trditvijo. Neither + pomožni glagol + osebek — strinjanje z nikalnico. Red je obrnjen, kot v vprašanju.
| — I like jazz. — So do I. | Jaz tudi. |
| — I'm tired. — So am I. | Jaz tudi. |
| — I went to bed late. — So did I. | Jaz tudi. |
| — I don't eat meat. — Neither do I. | Jaz ga tudi ne jem. |
| — I can't swim. — Neither can I. | Jaz tudi ne znam. |
| — I haven't finished. — Neither have I. | Jaz tudi ne. |
Glagol vzamemo iz sogovornikove replike — istega in v istem času. Za Neither je trdilen: nikalnica že tiči v neither, kot v neither … nor (B1 #6). Nor do I pomeni isto kot Neither do I in se v britanski angleščini sliši zelo pogosto. Osebek je lahko katerikoli: — Anna likes jazz. — So does her husband.
V pogovoru je preprosteje: Me too namesto So do I in Me neither namesto Neither do I. Ti obliki se ne spreminjata, a zvenita bolj ležerno; v pisavi in v uradnem govoru je potrebna polna.
Ne strinjati se — isti odmev, brez so in neither, z naglasom na zaimku: — I love winter. — Oh, I don't. — I can't stand jazz. — Really? I can. — I've never been to Paris. — I have.
Nikalno vprašanje izraža presenečenje ali pričakovanje pritrditve: Isn't it beautiful? — „Ali ni lepo?“; Didn't you get my message? — „Mar nisi dobil mojega sporočila?“; Haven't we met before? — „Se nisva že srečala?“.
Odgovor — po dejstvu, ne po obliki vprašanja. Si sporočilo dobil — Yes, I did. Nisi ga — No, I didn't. Enako odgovarjamo na dodatek za nikalnico: — You didn't call him, did you? — No, I didn't. (nisi poklical). Yes gre vedno s trdilnim glagolom, No — z nikalnim.
Primerjaj:
| You're coming, aren't you? | Prideš, kajne? — pričakujem, da ja |
| Aren't you coming? | A ne boš prišel? — presenečen sem, ker kaže, da ne |
Tako se ne reče. ✗ I'm late, amn't I? → ✓ I'm late, aren't I? Oblike amn't v standardni angleščini ni.
Preveri se. Kakšen dodatek ima She's never been here? Kako se strinjaš z I can't sleep in hot weather? Pismo si dobil; kaj odgovoriš na Didn't you get my email?
prikaži odgovore
Napake govorcev slovenščine
prirejeno za vaš jezikEn dodatek za vse
✗ You work here, isn't it?
✓ You work here, don't you?
Slovenščina ima nespremenljive „kajne?“, „a ne?“, „ne?“, zato iščemo en angleški dodatek za vse primere. Takega ni: dodatek se spreminja skupaj z glagolom povedi. …, right? se v sproščenem pogovoru sliši, …, no? pa zveni kot prevod slovenskega „…, ne?“; običajen dodatek je z glagolom.
„Ja, nisem“
✗ — Didn't you get my message? — Yes, I didn't.
✓ No, I didn't.
Na „A nisi dobil mojega sporočila?“ v pogovoru lahko odgovorimo „Ne, nisem“ ali „Ja, nisem“ — „ja“ tedaj pomeni „res je, nisem“. Angleščina odgovarja o dejstvu: No gre z I didn't. Golo Yes bodo tu razumeli kot „dobil sem“ — ravno nasprotno.
„Jaz tudi“ vedno enako
✗ — I'm tired. — So do I. → ✓ So am I. ✗ — I've been there. — So do I. → ✓ So have I. Slovensko „jaz tudi“ se nikoli ne spremeni, zato se naučimo ene formule. Angleško „jaz tudi“ pa ponovi sogovornikov glagol: am na am, have na have.
„Tudi ne“ dobesedno
✗ — I don't eat meat. — Me too.
✗ Neither I don't
✓ Me neither
Neither do I. Slovensko „jaz tudi ne“ je „tudi“ + „ne“, zato na nikalnico rado uide Me too ali Neither I don't — osebek spredaj in še „ne“. V angleščini neither že pomeni „tudi ne“, not ni potreben, red pa je obrnjen: glagol, nato osebek.
Izgovorjava
4 minDodatek izgovorimo skupaj s povedjo, brez premora: You're from Leeds, aren't you? /jɔː frəm ˈliːdz ˈɑːnt ju/. Naglas je v dodatku na pomožnem glagolu. Vadi obe intonaciji na isti povedi: ↘ — „saj je tako, kajne?“, ↗ — „ali ne?“.
V dodatkih, povratnih vprašanjih in kratkih odgovorih zveni pomožni glagol polno, ne šibko: Have you? /ˈhæv ju/, Yes, I can /kæn/, So was I /wɒz/. Sredi povedi so iste besede šibke: I can swim /kən/, I was tired /wəz/.
V So do I je naglas na osebku: /ˌsəʊ du ˈaɪ/. neither je v britanski angleščini /ˈnaɪðə/ ali /ˈniːðə/, obe izgovorjavi sta normalni.
Povratno vprašanje Have you?, Did she? — z dvigom ↗. S padcem zveni brezbrižno: „aha, ja“.
Besedilo
5 minYou're Emma's brother, aren't you?
Yes, I am. And you must be Sam. Emma talks about you all the time.
Does she? Only good things, I hope. You live in Bristol, don't you?
I did, but I moved to Glasgow last spring.
Did you? I've never been to Glasgow. It rains a lot there, doesn't it?
It does, but I don't mind. Haven't you got friends there? I'm sure Emma mentioned it.
No, I haven't. That was my cousin. She studied there.
Ah, sorry. Anyway, isn't this food amazing? I've already had three plates.
So have I. I didn't have lunch today.
Neither did I. I was at work all morning.
On a Saturday? You work in a hospital, don't you?
No, I don't — I'm a teacher. But it's exam season, and I can't say no to extra classes.
Neither can I. That's why I never have a free weekend.
Well, you've got one now, haven't you?
I have. Shall we get some more food? You don't eat meat, do you?
No, I don't. But I eat everything else!
Vaje
32 min1. Vstavi dodatek.
- You're from Bristol, ?
- She works in a bank, ?
- They didn't come to the party, ?
- You've seen this film, ?
- He can't drive, ?
- I'm late again, ?
- You've never been to Scotland, ?
- Let's take a taxi, ?
Prikaži odgovore
2. Strinjaj se: vstavi So … I ali Neither … I
- — I'm hungry. —
- — I don't like horror films. —
- — I've lost my umbrella. —
- — I can't find my keys. —
- — I went to bed very late. —
- — I wasn't at work yesterday. —
- — I'd love a cup of tea. —
Prikaži odgovore
3. Odgovori, da je pri tebi drugače: vstavi pomožni glagol.
- — I love winter. — Really? I
- — I can't swim. — Oh, I
- — I've never been to Paris. — I
- — I didn't like the film. — Really? I
Prikaži odgovore
4. Vstavi povratno vprašanje:
- — I've just got back from Peru. — ? How was it?
- — My sister is getting married. — ? Who's she marrying?
- — Tom didn't come to work today. — ? Is he ill?
- — I can play the piano. — ? I didn't know that
Prikaži odgovore
5. Odgovori po dejstvu: vstavi Yes ali No in kratek odgovor.
- — Didn't you get my message? (nisem ga dobil) —
- — Haven't you met my wife? (sem jo že spoznal) —
- — Aren't you hungry? (nisem lačen) —
- — You didn't lock the door, did you? (sem zaklenil) —
- — You aren't from London, are you? (sem iz Londona) —
Prikaži odgovore
6. Iskanje napak.
- You work here, isn't it?
- — I'm tired. — So do I.
- — I don't eat meat. — Neither I do.
- — Didn't you see him? — Yes, I didn't. (nisem ga videl)
- She's never been late, hasn't she?
- I'm right, amn't I?
Prikaži odgovore
7. Prevedi v angleščino.
1) Vi ste učitelj, kajne? 2) — Ne maram letenja. — Jaz tudi ne. 3) A nisi videl mojega listka? 4) — Pravkar sem se vrnil iz Rima. — Res? In kako je bilo? 5) Sva se že srečala, kajne?
Prikaži odgovore
8. Ohranjaj pogovor.
Na vsako repliko odgovori o sebi: „jaz tudi“, „jaz pa ne“ ali povratno vprašanje — in dodaj eno poved. 1) — I've never been to Scotland. 2) — I can't stand cold weather. 3) — I started learning the guitar last month.
Prikaži odgovore
Povzetek
Obravnavano: pomožni glagol kot odmev; vprašalni dodatki, tudi aren't I, dodatek za never, shall we za Let's, in njihova intonacija; kratek odgovor in povratno vprašanje Have you?; did you say za preverjanje; So do I, Neither do I, Nor do I, Me too, Me neither; nestrinjanje I don't; nikalno vprašanje in odgovor nanj po dejstvu. Sledi lekcija 21: navade in učenje.
Konec jedra
Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.
izbirno
Besedišče za kartice
14 besed- So do I /ˌsəʊ du ˈaɪ/ jaz tudi
- Neither do I /ˌnaɪðə du ˈaɪ/ jaz tudi ne
- Nor do I /ˌnɔː du ˈaɪ/ jaz tudi ne
- Me too /ˌmiː ˈtuː/ jaz tudi (pog.)
- Me neither /ˌmiː ˈnaɪðə/ jaz tudi ne (pog.)
- cousin /ˈkʌzn/ bratranec, sestrična
- amazing /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ osupljiv, izjemen
- plate /pleɪt/ krožnik
- extra /ˈekstrə/ dodaten
- exam season /ɪɡˈzæm ˌsiːzn/ izpitno obdobje
- can't stand /ˌkɑːnt ˈstænd/ ne prenesem
- get married /ˌɡet ˈmærid/ poročiti se
- note /nəʊt/ listek, kratko sporočilo
- say no to /ˌseɪ ˈnəʊ tə/ odkloniti, reči ne
Pisanje
Dialog z osmimi do desetimi replikami: na zabavi spoznaš prijatelja svojega prijatelja. Vsaj dva dodatka, eno povratno vprašanje, en So … I in en Neither … I.
Zgled
— You work with Mark, don't you? — Yes, I do. We're in the same team. — Are you? He never talks about work. — Neither do I, at weekends! — I've just moved here from Cardiff. — Have you? So have I — well, from Swansea. — It's a lovely city, isn't it? — It is. I didn't want to leave. — Neither did I.
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