Mahirap na paksa ~45 min ng core ang natitira

Pag-uulit 2 (mga aralin 7–11)

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 45 min · hakbang: 3 · opsyonal: +1

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Mahirap na paksa

10 min

Sa Tagalog, may “hindi” ang “halos hindi” at “halos hindi kailanman”, at parang pagtanggi na ang tunog ng “bihira”. Sa Ingles, may mga salitang dala na mismo ang pagtanggi, nang walang not: hardly — “halos hindi, bahagya”, hardly ever — “halos hindi kailanman”, rarely — “bihira”.

Puwesto. Nasa puwesto ng mga pang-abay ng dalas (A1 #11) ang mga salitang ito: bago ang pangunahing pandiwa, pero pagkatapos ng be at pagkatapos ng pantulong na pandiwa o pandiwang modal.

I hardly know him. Halos hindi ko siya kilala.
She's hardly ever at home. Halos hindi siya kailanman nasa bahay.
We rarely go to the cinema. Bihira kaming manood ng sine.
I can hardly hear you. Halos hindi kita marinig.
I've hardly slept this week. Halos hindi ako nakatulog ngayong linggo.

Ano ang ibig sabihin ng bawat isa.

hardly — “halos hindi, bahagya” tungkol sa antas: I could hardly breathe. — “Halos hindi ako makahinga.” Lalo na kasama ng can at could: I can hardly wait! — “Hindi na ako makapaghintay!”

hardly ever — “halos hindi kailanman” tungkol sa dalas: It hardly ever snows here. Ito ang baitang sa pagitan ng rarely at never: always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely → hardly ever → never.

rarely — “bihira”, mas mahinahon: I rarely eat meat. Sa pormal na pagsulat, seldom ang may ganito ring kahulugan.

Sa maikling sagot, nag-iisa ang mga salitang ito, walang pandiwa: — Do you see your cousins? — Hardly ever. — Do you go to concerts? — Rarely. Ang karaniwang anyo sa usapan ay may not: I don't go very often, I don't really know him. Mas malambot at mas simple ito; mas eksakto at bahagyang mas malakas ang tunog ng hardly at rarely, kaya lalo silang bagay sa pagsulat.

hardly any, hardly anyone. Kasama ng any at ng mga tambalang salita nito (A2 #14), “halos wala” ang kahulugan: There's hardly any milk left. — “Halos wala nang natirang gatas.” Hardly anyone came. — “Halos walang dumating.” There's hardly anything in the fridge. — “Halos walang laman ang ref.”

Walang ikalawang pagtanggi. Negatibo na ang salita, at kapag may not sa tabi nito, dobleng pagtanggi ang lumalabas, na wala sa pamantayang Ingles: ✗ I don't hardly know him → ✓ I hardly know him. Ito rin ang tuntunin ng neither … nor (B1 #6) at nobody (A2 #14). Kaya any, hindi no, ang kasunod ng hardly: hardly any time, pero hindi ✗ hardly no time.

Paano isasalin. Ang “halos hindi” + pandiwa ay hardly + pandiwang walang not; ang “halos hindi kailanman” — hardly ever; ang “halos wala”, “halos walang tao”, “halos walang anuman” — hardly any, hardly anyone, hardly anything. Huwag ilipat ang “hindi” sa pangungusap na Ingles: nagawa na ng hardly mismo ang trabaho nito.

Magkaibang salita ang hard at hardly. Ang hard ay kapwa pang-uri at pang-abay: I work hard — “masipag akong magtrabaho, marami akong trabaho” (A2 #15). Ang hardly ay hindi pang-abay na galing sa hard, kundi hiwalay na salita na may sariling kahulugan:

She works hard. Masipag siyang magtrabaho.
She hardly works. Halos hindi siya nagtatrabaho.

Dalawang titik lang, pero baligtad na ang kahulugan.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ I go hardly ever to the cinema → ✓ I hardly ever go to the cinema. Hindi pumupuwesto ang mga salitang ito sa pagitan ng pandiwa at ng kasunod nito.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano sasabihin ang “Halos hindi ko kilala ang mga kapitbahay ko”? Ano ang ibig sabihin ng He works hard, at ng He hardly works? Ano ang mali sa There's hardly no time?

ipakita ang mga sagot
I hardly know my neighbours; ang una — masipag siyang magtrabaho, ang ikalawa — halos hindi siya nagtatrabaho; labis ang ikalawang pagtanggi: There's hardly any time.
Patalastas

Mga pagsasanay para sa mga aralin 7–11

35 min

1. Halo-halong pagpupuno.

  1. This time tomorrow I (fly) to Edinburgh
  2. If I (have) more time, I (learn) Italian
  3. I wish I (can) speak Italian
  4. His car is outside — he be at home. (halos sigurado akong oo)
  5. It was hard, but we (manage) finish on time
  6. If I (be) you, I'd call her
  7. I wish my neighbour (stop) playing the drums at night
  8. That be Tom — he's in Spain this week. (halos sigurado akong hindi)
  9. The train (suppose) arrive at six, but it's late again
  10. you (use) the car tonight? I'd like to borrow it
  11. You (not / need) bring anything — we've got everything
Ipakita ang mga sagot
will be flying; had / would learn; could; must; managed to; were; would stop; can't; was supposed to / is supposed to; Will / be using; don't need to / do not need to

2. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. I'll flying to London at ten.
  2. If I would have more money, I would buy a flat.
  3. I wish I have a bigger kitchen.
  4. She must to be tired after the trip.
  5. I will can swim by the summer.
  6. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  7. I don't hardly know him.
  8. He works hardly — he's never at his desk.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I'll be flying to London at ten; If I had more money, I would buy a flat / If I had more money, I'd buy a flat; I wish I had a bigger kitchen; She must be tired after the trip; I'll be able to swim by the summer / I will be able to swim by the summer; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; I hardly know him; He hardly works — he's never at his desk

3. Isulat muli gamit ang salitang nasa panaklong.

  1. I almost never eat meat. (hardly ever)
  2. I can only just hear you. (hardly)
  3. There's almost no milk left. (hardly any)
  4. We don't go out very often. (rarely)
  5. Almost nobody came to the meeting. (hardly anyone)
  6. She's almost never late. (hardly ever)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I hardly ever eat meat; I can hardly hear you; There's hardly any milk left; We rarely go out; Hardly anyone came to the meeting / Hardly anybody came to the meeting; She's hardly ever late

4. Pagtutugma.

  1. He must be at home.
  2. He might be at home.
  3. He can't be at home.
  4. You don't need to come.
  5. You're supposed to come.
  6. You mustn't come.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
`He must be at home.` — halos tiyak na nasa bahay; `He might be at home.` — baka nasa bahay; `He can't be at home.` — halos tiyak na wala sa bahay; `You don't need to come.` — puwedeng hindi pumunta; `You're supposed to come.` — iyon ang tuntunin o ang napagkasunduan; `You mustn't come.` — bawal pumunta

5. Isulat muli

  1. I don't have a car, so I can't drive to work. (If …)
  2. I can't play the guitar. (I wish …)
  3. Will you use the printer this afternoon? (magalang, tungkol sa plano)
  4. I'm sure she's in a meeting. (must)
  5. It was hard, but I finished the report. (managed to)
  6. My advice: talk to your manager. (If I were you …)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
If I had a car, I could drive to work / If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work; I wish I could play the guitar; Will you be using the printer this afternoon?; She must be in a meeting; It was hard, but I managed to finish the report; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I would talk to your manager

6. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Bukas nang alas-otso, nasa daan na ako papunta sa trabaho. 2) Kung ako sa iyo, hindi ko bibilhin ang kotseng ito. 3) Sana mas marami akong libreng oras. 4) Malamang nasa bahay siya — may ilaw sa mga bintana. 5) Mahirap, pero nagawa kong mahanap ang daan. 6) Halos hindi ako kailanman nanonood ng TV.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
At eight tomorrow I'll be driving to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be travelling to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be going to work; If I were you, I wouldn't buy this car / If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car; I wish I had more free time; She must be at home — the lights are on; It was difficult, but I managed to find the way; I hardly ever watch TV / I hardly ever watch television
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay

  • ang buong mga aralin 7–11 at ang hardly
  • hardly ever
  • rarely
  • hardly any

Susunod — aralin 13: ipaliwanag kung paano ito ginagawa.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 85

opsyonal

Mini-produksiyon

Ikuwento nang malakas at isulat din ito — sampung pangungusap: ano ang pagkakaabalahan ninyo bukas sa tatlong oras ng araw; ano ang gagawin ninyo kung may isang taon kayong malaya; ano ang pinanghihinayangan ninyo ngayon at ano ang nakakainis sa inyo sa ugali ng iba; tatlong hinuha tungkol sa katrabahong hindi pumasok; ano ang nagawa ninyo kamakailan at ano ang hindi ninyo nakaya. Kahit isang pangungusap — na may hardly, hardly ever o rarely.

Checklist bago ang aralin 13:

  • may be ba sa pagitan ng 'll at -ing sa Future Continuous, at walang -ing ba ang mga pandiwa ng kalagayan?
  • sa second conditional, nasa pangunahing bahagi lang ba ang would, at pangnagdaan ba pagkatapos ng if?
  • pangnagdaan ba pagkatapos ng wish, would — tungkol lang sa ibang tao, at hope — para sa totoong hinaharap?
  • can't ba ang hinuhang “hindi”, at walang to ba pagkatapos ng pandiwang modal?
  • hindi ba magkasunod ang dalawang pandiwang modal, at managed to ba para sa tagumpay sa iisang pagkakataon?
  • walang ikalawang not ba sa tabi ng hardly?
Nai-save ang draft sa device na ito
Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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