难点 剩余核心内容 ~45 分钟

复习二(第7–11课)

开始课程 核心 45 分钟 · 步骤:3 · 可选:+1

标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。

难点

10 分钟

汉语的“几乎不”“几乎从不”里有否定词“不”,“很少”虽然没有“不”,听起来也像否定。英语里有一些词本身就带有否定,不需要 not:hardly——“几乎不,勉强”,hardly ever——“几乎从不”, rarely——“很少”。

位置。 这些词的位置和频率副词(A1 第11课)一样:在实义动词前面,但在 be 后面,也在助动词或情态动词后面。

I hardly know him. 我几乎不认识他。
She's hardly ever at home. 她几乎从不在家。
We rarely go to the cinema. 我们很少去看电影。
I can hardly hear you. 我几乎听不见你说话。
I've hardly slept this week. 这个星期我几乎没睡觉。

每个词的意思。

hardly——“几乎不,勉强”,说的是程度:I could hardly breathe.——“我几乎喘不过气来。” 特别常和 can、could 连用:I can hardly wait!——“我都等不及了!”

hardly ever——“几乎从不”,说的是频率:It hardly ever snows here. 它是 rarely 和 never 之间的一级:always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely → hardly ever → never。

rarely——“很少”,语气平和一些:I rarely eat meat. 书面语里 seldom 也是这个意思。

在简短回答里,这些词可以单独使用,不带动词:— Do you see your cousins? — Hardly ever. — Do you go to concerts? — Rarely. 日常口语里常用的是带 not 的说法: I don't go very often,I don't really know him。它更委婉、更简单;hardly 和 rarely 听起来更准确,语气也稍强,所以在书面语里特别合适。

hardly any、hardly anyone。 和 any 及其派生词(A2 第14课)连用,表示“几乎没有”: There's hardly any milk left.——“牛奶几乎没剩了。”Hardly anyone came.——“几乎没人来。” There's hardly anything in the fridge.——“冰箱里几乎什么都没有。”

不再加第二个否定。 这个词本身已经是否定的,旁边再加 not 就成了双重否定,标准英语里没有这种说法:✗ I don't hardly know him → ✓ I hardly know him。这和 neither … nor(第6课)、 nobody(A2 第14课)是同一条规律。所以 hardly 后面用 any,不用 no:hardly any time,而不是 ✗ hardly no time。

怎么翻译。 汉语的“几乎不”+ 动词就是 hardly + 动词,不带 not;“几乎从不”是 hardly ever;“几乎没有”“几乎没人”“几乎什么都没有”是 hardly any、hardly anyone、 hardly anything。汉语句子里的“不”“没”不要搬进英语句子:它们的作用已经由 hardly 承担了。

hard 和 hardly 是两个不同的词。 hard 既是形容词,又是副词:I work hard—— “我工作很努力”(A2 第15课)。hardly 不是 hard 的副词形式,而是一个意思完全不同的独立的词:

She works hard. 她工作很努力。
She hardly works. 她几乎不工作。

只差两个字母,意思就完全相反。

不能这样说。 ✗ I go hardly ever to the cinema → ✓ I hardly ever go to the cinema。这些词不能放在动词和它后面的成分之间。

自我检测。 “我几乎不认识我的邻居”英语怎么说?He works hard 和 He hardly works 各是什么意思?There's hardly no time 错在哪里?

显示答案
I hardly know my neighbours; 前一句是工作很努力,后一句是几乎不工作; 第二个否定是多余的:There's hardly any time.
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第7–11课练习

35 分钟

1. 综合填空。

  1. This time tomorrow I (fly) to Edinburgh
  2. If I (have) more time, I (learn) Italian
  3. I wish I (can) speak Italian
  4. His car is outside — he be at home.(几乎肯定是)
  5. It was hard, but we (manage) finish on time
  6. If I (be) you, I'd call her
  7. I wish my neighbour (stop) playing the drums at night
  8. That be Tom — he's in Spain this week.(几乎肯定不是)
  9. The train (suppose) arrive at six, but it's late again
  10. you (use) the car tonight? I'd like to borrow it
  11. You (not / need) bring anything — we've got everything
显示答案
will be flying; had / would learn; could; must; managed to; were; would stop; can't; was supposed to / is supposed to; Will / be using; don't need to / do not need to

2. 改错。

  1. I'll flying to London at ten.
  2. If I would have more money, I would buy a flat.
  3. I wish I have a bigger kitchen.
  4. She must to be tired after the trip.
  5. I will can swim by the summer.
  6. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  7. I don't hardly know him.
  8. He works hardly — he's never at his desk.
显示答案
I'll be flying to London at ten; If I had more money, I would buy a flat / If I had more money, I'd buy a flat; I wish I had a bigger kitchen; She must be tired after the trip; I'll be able to swim by the summer / I will be able to swim by the summer; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; I hardly know him; He hardly works — he's never at his desk

3. 用括号里的词改写。

  1. I almost never eat meat. (hardly ever)
  2. I can only just hear you. (hardly)
  3. There's almost no milk left. (hardly any)
  4. We don't go out very often. (rarely)
  5. Almost nobody came to the meeting. (hardly anyone)
  6. She's almost never late. (hardly ever)
显示答案
I hardly ever eat meat; I can hardly hear you; There's hardly any milk left; We rarely go out; Hardly anyone came to the meeting / Hardly anybody came to the meeting; She's hardly ever late

4. 配对。

  1. He must be at home.
  2. He might be at home.
  3. He can't be at home.
  4. You don't need to come.
  5. You're supposed to come.
  6. You mustn't come.
显示答案
`He must be at home.` — 几乎肯定在家; `He might be at home.` — 也许在家; `He can't be at home.` — 几乎肯定不在家; `You don't need to come.` — 可以不来; `You're supposed to come.` — 按规定或者按约定应该来; `You mustn't come.` — 不许来

5. 按括号里的提示改写。

  1. I don't have a car, so I can't drive to work. (If …)
  2. I can't play the guitar. (I wish …)
  3. Will you use the printer this afternoon?(礼貌地问对方的计划)
  4. I'm sure she's in a meeting. (must)
  5. It was hard, but I finished the report. (managed to)
  6. My advice: talk to your manager. (If I were you …)
显示答案
If I had a car, I could drive to work / If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work; I wish I could play the guitar; Will you be using the printer this afternoon?; She must be in a meeting; It was hard, but I managed to finish the report; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I would talk to your manager

6. 译成英语。

1) 明天八点我正在开车去上班。 2) 如果我是你,我就不买这辆车。 3) 可惜我的空闲时间太少了。 4) 她一定在家——窗户里亮着灯。 5) 当时很难,但我还是设法找到了路。 6) 我几乎从不看电视。

显示答案
At eight tomorrow I'll be driving to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be travelling to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be going to work; If I were you, I wouldn't buy this car / If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car; I wish I had more free time; She must be at home — the lights are on; It was difficult, but I managed to find the way; I hardly ever watch TV / I hardly ever watch television
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小结

本课已学:第7–11课全部内容,以及 hardly、hardly ever、rarely、hardly any。下一课—— 第13课:说明事情是怎么做的。

核心内容结束

完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。

第 85 课

可选

小型产出

口头讲一讲,再写下来——十个句子:明天的三个时刻你分别正在做什么;如果有一年的自由时间,你会做什么;你现在对什么感到遗憾,别人的什么行为让你恼火;对一个没来上班的同事做出三个推测;你最近做成了什么,什么没能做成。至少有一个句子要用 hardly、hardly ever 或 rarely。

学第13课之前的检查清单:

  • 将来进行时里 'll 和 -ing 之间有 be 吗?状态动词没有加 -ing 吧?
  • 第二条件句里 would 只用在主句里,if 后面用的是过去时吗?
  • wish 后面用的是过去时,would 只用来说别人,现实的将来用的是 hope 吗?
  • 推测“不是”用的是 can't,情态动词后面没有 to 吧?
  • 没有把两个情态动词连在一起,说某一次的成功用的是 managed to 吗?
  • hardly 旁边没有再加一个 not 吧?
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