Zahtevna tema ~45 min jedra še preostane

Ponavljanje 2 (lekcije 7–11)

Začni lekcijo Jedro 45 min · koraki: 3 · izbirno: +1

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Zahtevna tema

10 min

V slovenščini se „skoraj ne“ in „skoraj nikoli“ tvorita z nikalnim „ne“, „redko“ pa zveni kot zanikanje. V angleščini so besede, ki zanikanje nosijo same, brez not: hardly — „skoraj ne, komaj“, hardly ever — „skoraj nikoli“, rarely — „redko“.

Mesto. Te besede stojijo tam kot prislovi pogostnosti (A1 #11): pred polnopomenskim glagolom, a za be in za pomožnim ali modalnim glagolom.

I hardly know him. Skoraj ga ne poznam.
She's hardly ever at home. Skoraj nikoli je ni doma.
We rarely go to the cinema. Redko hodimo v kino.
I can hardly hear you. Komaj te slišim.
I've hardly slept this week. Ta teden skoraj nisem spal.

Kaj pomeni vsaka.

hardly — „skoraj ne, komaj“ o stopnji: I could hardly breathe. — „Komaj sem dihal.“ Posebno pogosto s can in could: I can hardly wait! — „Komaj čakam!“

hardly ever — „skoraj nikoli“ o pogostnosti: It hardly ever snows here. To je stopnica med rarely in never: always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely → hardly ever → never.

rarely — „redko“, mirneje: I rarely eat meat. V knjižnem jeziku isto pomeni seldom.

V kratkem odgovoru te besede stojijo same, brez glagola: — Do you see your cousins? — Hardly ever. — Do you go to concerts? — Rarely. Običajna pogovorna različica je z not: I don't go very often, I don't really know him. Je mehkejša in preprostejša; hardly in rarely zvenita natančneje in malo močneje, zato sta posebno primerna v pisavi.

hardly any, hardly anyone. Z any in njegovimi izpeljankami (A2 #14) dobimo „skoraj ni“: There's hardly any milk left. — „Mleka skoraj ni več.“ Hardly anyone came. — „Skoraj nihče ni prišel.“ There's hardly anything in the fridge. — „V hladilniku ni skoraj ničesar.“

Drugega zanikanja ne postavljamo. Beseda je že nikalna, in not ob njej da dvojno zanikanje, ki ga v knjižni angleščini ni: ✗ I don't hardly know him → ✓ I hardly know him. To je isti zakon kot pri neither … nor (B1 #6) in nobody (A2 #14). Zato za hardly stoji any, ne no: hardly any time, ne pa ✗ hardly no time.

Kako prevajati. Slovensko „skoraj ne“ ali „komaj“ + glagol je hardly + glagol brez not; „skoraj nikoli“ — hardly ever; „skoraj ni“, „skoraj nihče“, „skoraj nič“ — hardly any, hardly anyone, hardly anything. Nikalnice „ne“ v angleško poved ne prenašaj: njeno delo je že opravila beseda hardly.

hard in hardly sta različni besedi. hard je pridevnik in prislov: I work hard — „veliko in pridno delam“ (A2 #15). hardly ni prislov od hard, ampak samostojna beseda s svojim pomenom:

She works hard. Veliko dela.
She hardly works. Skoraj ne dela.

Dve črki obrneta pomen v nasprotje.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ I go hardly ever to the cinema → ✓ I hardly ever go to the cinema. Med glagol in to, kar mu sledi, se te besede ne postavijo.

Preveri se. Kako rečeš „skoraj ne poznam sosedov“? Kaj pomeni He works hard in kaj He hardly works? Kaj je narobe v There's hardly no time?

prikaži odgovore
I hardly know my neighbours; prvo — veliko in pridno dela, drugo — skoraj ne dela; drugo zanikanje je odveč: There's hardly any time.
Oglas

Vaje za lekcije 7–11

35 min

1. Mešano vstavljanje.

  1. This time tomorrow I (fly) to Edinburgh
  2. If I (have) more time, I (learn) Italian
  3. I wish I (can) speak Italian
  4. His car is outside — he be at home. (skoraj gotovo da)
  5. It was hard, but we (manage) finish on time
  6. If I (be) you, I'd call her
  7. I wish my neighbour (stop) playing the drums at night
  8. That be Tom — he's in Spain this week. (skoraj gotovo ne)
  9. The train (suppose) arrive at six, but it's late again
  10. you (use) the car tonight? I'd like to borrow it
  11. You (not / need) bring anything — we've got everything
Prikaži odgovore
will be flying; had / would learn; could; must; managed to; were; would stop; can't; was supposed to / is supposed to; Will / be using; don't need to / do not need to

2. Iskanje napak.

  1. I'll flying to London at ten.
  2. If I would have more money, I would buy a flat.
  3. I wish I have a bigger kitchen.
  4. She must to be tired after the trip.
  5. I will can swim by the summer.
  6. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  7. I don't hardly know him.
  8. He works hardly — he's never at his desk.
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be flying to London at ten; If I had more money, I would buy a flat / If I had more money, I'd buy a flat; I wish I had a bigger kitchen; She must be tired after the trip; I'll be able to swim by the summer / I will be able to swim by the summer; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; I hardly know him; He hardly works — he's never at his desk

3. Prepiši z besedo iz oklepaja.

  1. I almost never eat meat. (hardly ever)
  2. I can only just hear you. (hardly)
  3. There's almost no milk left. (hardly any)
  4. We don't go out very often. (rarely)
  5. Almost nobody came to the meeting. (hardly anyone)
  6. She's almost never late. (hardly ever)
Prikaži odgovore
I hardly ever eat meat; I can hardly hear you; There's hardly any milk left; We rarely go out; Hardly anyone came to the meeting / Hardly anybody came to the meeting; She's hardly ever late

4. Povezovanje.

  1. He must be at home.
  2. He might be at home.
  3. He can't be at home.
  4. You don't need to come.
  5. You're supposed to come.
  6. You mustn't come.
Prikaži odgovore
`He must be at home.` — skoraj gotovo je doma; `He might be at home.` — mogoče je doma; `He can't be at home.` — skoraj gotovo ni doma; `You don't need to come.` — ni treba priti; `You're supposed to come.` — tako je predpisano ali dogovorjeno; `You mustn't come.` — ne sme priti

5. Preoblikuj

  1. I don't have a car, so I can't drive to work. (If …)
  2. I can't play the guitar. (I wish …)
  3. Will you use the printer this afternoon? (vljudno, o načrtih)
  4. I'm sure she's in a meeting. (must)
  5. It was hard, but I finished the report. (managed to)
  6. My advice: talk to your manager. (If I were you …)
Prikaži odgovore
If I had a car, I could drive to work / If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work; I wish I could play the guitar; Will you be using the printer this afternoon?; She must be in a meeting; It was hard, but I managed to finish the report; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I would talk to your manager

6. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Jutri ob osmih se bom vozil v službo. 2) Na tvojem mestu tega avta ne bi kupil. 3) Škoda, da imam tako malo prostega časa. 4) Gotovo je doma — v oknih gori luč. 5) Bilo je težko, a mi je uspelo najti pot. 6) Skoraj nikoli ne gledam televizije.

Prikaži odgovore
At eight tomorrow I'll be driving to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be travelling to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be going to work; If I were you, I wouldn't buy this car / If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car; I wish I had more free time; She must be at home — the lights are on; It was difficult, but I managed to find the way; I hardly ever watch TV / I hardly ever watch television
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano

  • lekcije 7–11 v celoti in hardly
  • hardly ever
  • rarely
  • hardly any

Sledi lekcija 13: razložiti, kako se to naredi.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 85

izbirno

Mini izdelek

Na glas povej in zapiši deset povedi: s čim boš jutri zaposlen v treh trenutkih; kaj bi počel, če bi imel leto svobode; kaj zdaj obžaluješ in kaj te moti v tujem vedenju; tri domneve o sodelavcu, ki ni prišel; kaj ti je pred kratkim uspelo in česa nisi zmogel. Vsaj ena poved — s hardly, hardly ever ali rarely.

Kontrolni seznam pred lekcijo 13:

  • je v Future Continuous be med 'll in -ing, glagoli stanja pa so brez -ing?
  • je v pogojnih povedih drugega tipa would samo v glavnem delu, za if pa preteklik?
  • je za wish preteklik, would samo o drugem človeku, o resnični prihodnosti — hope?
  • domneva „ne“ — s can't, za modalnim glagolom ni to?
  • dva modalna glagola ne stojita zapored, o uspehu v enem primeru — managed to?
  • ob hardly ni drugega not?
Osnutek je shranjen na tej napravi
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Vadite to lekcijo v drugih razdelkih

Diktatna podlagi te lekcije Zapišite, kar slišite. Preverjanje pokaže vsako besedo, ki se razlikuje, in kako. Napišite narek Branje na glasna podlagi te lekcije Preberite besedilo lekcije na glas — prepoznavanje govora označi besede, ki jih ni ujelo. Preberite besedilo na glas Branje in poslušanjeA1–C1 Besedila na vsaki ravni z vprašanji za razumevanje; prepis se odpre po odgovoru. Preizkusi

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