Škakljiva tema ~45 min od osnove preostalo

Ponavljanje 2 (lekcije 7–11)

Započni lekciju Jezgro 45 min · koraci: 3 · opciono: +1

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Škakljiva tema

10 min

U srpskom se „skoro da ne“, „skoro nikad“, „retko“ grade sa rečcom „ne“ ili zvuče kao negacija. U engleskom postoje reči koje same nose negaciju, bez not: hardly — „skoro da ne, jedva“, hardly ever — „skoro nikad“, rarely — „retko“.

Mesto. Ove reči stoje tamo gde i prilozi učestalosti (A1 #11): ispred glavnog glagola, ali posle be i posle pomoćnog ili modalnog glagola.

I hardly know him. Skoro da ga ne poznajem.
She's hardly ever at home. Skoro nikad nije kod kuće.
We rarely go to the cinema. Retko idemo u bioskop.
I can hardly hear you. Jedva te čujem.
I've hardly slept this week. Ove nedelje skoro da nisam spavao.

Šta koja znači.

hardly — „skoro da ne, jedva“ o stepenu: I could hardly breathe. — „Jedva sam disao“. Posebno često — uz can i could: I can hardly wait! — „Jedva čekam!“

hardly ever — „skoro nikad“ o učestalosti: It hardly ever snows here. To je stepenik između rarely i never: always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely → hardly ever → never.

rarely — „retko“, mirnije: I rarely eat meat. U knjiškom jeziku isto znači seldom.

U kratkom odgovoru ove reči stoje same, bez glagola: — Do you see your cousins? — Hardly ever. — Do you go to concerts? — Rarely. Uobičajena razgovorna varijanta je sa not: I don't go very often, I don't really know him. Ona je mekša i jednostavnija; hardly i rarely zvuče preciznije i malo jače, pa su posebno dobri u pisanju.

hardly any, hardly anyone. Sa any i rečima izvedenim od njega (A2 #14) dobija se „skoro nimalo, skoro niko“: There's hardly any milk left. — „Mleka skoro da nije ostalo“. Hardly anyone came. — „Skoro niko nije došao“. There's hardly anything in the fridge. — „U frižideru skoro da nema ničega“.

Druga negacija se ne stavlja. Reč je već odrična, i not pored nje daje dvostruku negaciju, koje u standardnom engleskom nema: ✗ I don't hardly know him → ✓ I hardly know him. To je isti zakon kao kod neither … nor (B1 #6) i nobody (A2 #14). Zato posle hardly dolazi any, a ne no: hardly any time, ali ne ✗ hardly no time.

Kako prevoditi. Srpsko „skoro da ne“ ili „jedva“ + glagol — to je hardly + glagol bez not; „skoro nikad“ — hardly ever; „skoro nimalo“, „skoro niko“, „skoro ništa“ — hardly any, hardly anyone, hardly anything. Rečcu „ne“ ne prenosi u englesku rečenicu: njen posao je već obavila sama reč hardly.

hard i hardly su različite reči. hard je i pridev i prilog: I work hard — „mnogo i vredno radim“ (A2 #15). hardly nije prilog od hard, nego posebna reč sa svojim značenjem:

She works hard. Ona mnogo radi.
She hardly works. Ona skoro da ne radi.

Dva slova menjaju smisao u suprotan.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I go hardly ever to the cinema → ✓ I hardly ever go to the cinema. Između glagola i onoga što dolazi posle njega ove reči ne staju.

Proveri se. Kako reći „skoro da ne poznajem komšije“? Šta znači He works hard, a šta — He hardly works? Šta nije u redu u There's hardly no time?

prikaži odgovore
I hardly know my neighbours; prvo — mnogo i vredno radi, drugo — skoro da ne radi; druga negacija je suvišna: There's hardly any time.
Oglas

Vežbe za lekcije 7–11

35 min

1. Mešovito popunjavanje.

  1. This time tomorrow I (fly) to Edinburgh
  2. If I (have) more time, I (learn) Italian
  3. I wish I (can) speak Italian
  4. His car is outside — he be at home. (skoro siguran da jeste)
  5. It was hard, but we (manage) finish on time
  6. If I (be) you, I'd call her
  7. I wish my neighbour (stop) playing the drums at night
  8. That be Tom — he's in Spain this week. (skoro siguran da nije)
  9. The train (suppose) arrive at six, but it's late again
  10. you (use) the car tonight? I'd like to borrow it
  11. You (not / need) bring anything — we've got everything
Prikaži odgovore
will be flying; had / would learn; could; must; managed to; were; would stop; can't; was supposed to / is supposed to; Will / be using; don't need to / do not need to

2. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. I'll flying to London at ten.
  2. If I would have more money, I would buy a flat.
  3. I wish I have a bigger kitchen.
  4. She must to be tired after the trip.
  5. I will can swim by the summer.
  6. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  7. I don't hardly know him.
  8. He works hardly — he's never at his desk.
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be flying to London at ten; If I had more money, I would buy a flat / If I had more money, I'd buy a flat; I wish I had a bigger kitchen; She must be tired after the trip; I'll be able to swim by the summer / I will be able to swim by the summer; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; I hardly know him; He hardly works — he's never at his desk

3. Prepiši sa rečju iz zagrade.

  1. I almost never eat meat. (hardly ever)
  2. I can only just hear you. (hardly)
  3. There's almost no milk left. (hardly any)
  4. We don't go out very often. (rarely)
  5. Almost nobody came to the meeting. (hardly anyone)
  6. She's almost never late. (hardly ever)
Prikaži odgovore
I hardly ever eat meat; I can hardly hear you; There's hardly any milk left; We rarely go out; Hardly anyone came to the meeting / Hardly anybody came to the meeting; She's hardly ever late

4. Povezivanje.

  1. He must be at home.
  2. He might be at home.
  3. He can't be at home.
  4. You don't need to come.
  5. You're supposed to come.
  6. You mustn't come.
Prikaži odgovore
`He must be at home.` — skoro sigurno je kod kuće; `He might be at home.` — možda je kod kuće; `He can't be at home.` — skoro sigurno nije kod kuće; `You don't need to come.` — ne moraš da dolaziš; `You're supposed to come.` — tako je predviđeno ili dogovoreno; `You mustn't come.` — ne smeš da dolaziš

5. Pretvori

  1. I don't have a car, so I can't drive to work. (If …)
  2. I can't play the guitar. (I wish …)
  3. Will you use the printer this afternoon? (učtivo, o planovima)
  4. I'm sure she's in a meeting. (must)
  5. It was hard, but I finished the report. (managed to)
  6. My advice: talk to your manager. (If I were you …)
Prikaži odgovore
If I had a car, I could drive to work / If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work; I wish I could play the guitar; Will you be using the printer this afternoon?; She must be in a meeting; It was hard, but I managed to finish the report; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I would talk to your manager

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Sutra u osam ću se voziti na posao. 2) Na tvom mestu ne bih kupio ovaj auto. 3) Šteta što imam tako malo slobodnog vremena. 4) Ona mora da je kod kuće — u prozorima je svetlo. 5) Bilo je teško, ali sam uspeo da nađem put. 6) Skoro nikad ne gledam televiziju.

Prikaži odgovore
At eight tomorrow I'll be driving to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be travelling to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be going to work; If I were you, I wouldn't buy this car / If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car; I wish I had more free time; She must be at home — the lights are on; It was difficult, but I managed to find the way; I hardly ever watch TV / I hardly ever watch television
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno

  • lekcije 7–11 u celini i hardly
  • hardly ever
  • rarely
  • hardly any

Sledi lekcija 13: objasniti kako se to radi.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 85

opciono

Samostalni govor i pisanje

Ispričaj naglas i zapiši deset rečenica: čime ćeš biti zauzet sutra u tri trenutka; šta bi uradio da imaš godinu dana slobode; zbog čega sada žališ i šta te nervira u tuđem ponašanju; tri pretpostavke o kolegi koji nije došao; šta ti je nedavno uspelo, a šta nisi mogao. Bar jedna rečenica — sa hardly, hardly ever ili rarely.

Kontrolna lista pre lekcije 13:

  • u Future Continuousu ima be između 'll i -ing, a glagoli stanja su bez -ing?
  • u drugom tipu pogodbenih rečenica would je samo u glavnom delu, posle if — prošlo vreme?
  • posle wish prošlo vreme, would — samo o drugom čoveku, o stvarnoj budućnosti — hope?
  • pretpostavka „ne“ — kroz can't, posle modalnog glagola nema to?
  • dva modalna glagola zaredom ne stoje, o uspehu u jednom slučaju — managed to?
  • pored hardly nema drugog not?
Nacrt je sačuvan na ovom uređaju
Oglas

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