Zahtjevna tema ~45 min jezgre preostalo

Ponavljanje 2 (lekcije 7–11)

Započni lekciju Jezgra 45 min · koraci: 3 · neobavezno: +1

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Zahtjevna tema

10 min

U hrvatskom se „gotovo ne“ i „gotovo nikad“ grade s niječnicom „ne“, a „jedva“ i „rijetko“ zvuče kao nijekanje. U engleskom postoje riječi koje same nose nijekanje, bez not: hardly — „jedva, gotovo ne“, hardly ever — „gotovo nikad“, rarely — „rijetko“.

Mjesto. Te riječi stoje ondje gdje i prilozi učestalosti (A1 #11): ispred glavnog glagola, ali iza be i iza pomoćnog ili modalnog glagola.

I hardly know him. Jedva ga poznajem.
She's hardly ever at home. Gotovo nikad nije kod kuće.
We rarely go to the cinema. Rijetko idemo u kino.
I can hardly hear you. Jedva te čujem.
I've hardly slept this week. Ovaj tjedan gotovo nisam spavao.

Što znači svaka.

hardly — „jedva, gotovo ne“ o stupnju: I could hardly breathe. — „Jedva sam disao.“ Osobito često — s can i could: I can hardly wait! — „Jedva čekam!“

hardly ever — „gotovo nikad“ o učestalosti: It hardly ever snows here. To je stupanj između rarely i never: always → usually → often → sometimes → rarely → hardly ever → never.

rarely — „rijetko“, mirnije: I rarely eat meat. U knjiškom jeziku isto znači seldom.

U kratkom odgovoru te riječi stoje same, bez glagola: — Do you see your cousins? — Hardly ever. — Do you go to concerts? — Rarely. Uobičajena razgovorna varijanta je s not: I don't go very often, I don't really know him. Ona je blaža i jednostavnija; hardly i rarely zvuče preciznije i malo jače, pa su osobito dobri u pisanju.

hardly any, hardly anyone. S any i riječima od njega (A2 #14) dobiva se „gotovo nema“: There's hardly any milk left. — „Mlijeka gotovo nije ostalo.“ Hardly anyone came. — „Gotovo nitko nije došao.“ There's hardly anything in the fridge. — „U hladnjaku nema gotovo ničega.“

Druga se niječnica ne stavlja. Riječ je već niječna, i not uz nju daje dvostruku niječnicu, koje u standardnom engleskom nema: ✗ I don't hardly know him → ✓ I hardly know him. To je isti zakon kao kod neither … nor (B1 #6) i nobody (A2 #14). Zato iza hardly dolazi any, a ne no: hardly any time, ali ne ✗ hardly no time.

Kako prevoditi. Hrvatsko „jedva“ ili „gotovo ne“ + glagol — to je hardly + glagol bez not; „gotovo nikad“ — hardly ever; „gotovo nema“, „gotovo nitko“, „gotovo ništa“ — hardly any, hardly anyone, hardly anything. U hrvatskom je dvostruka niječnica normalna („gotovo nitko nije došao“), ali niječnicu „ne“ u englesku rečenicu ne prenosi: njezin je posao već obavila sama riječ hardly.

hard i hardly su različite riječi. hard je i pridjev i prilog: I work hard — „radim puno i marljivo“ (A2 #15). hardly nije prilog od hard, nego zasebna riječ s vlastitim značenjem:

She works hard. Ona puno radi.
She hardly works. Ona gotovo ne radi.

Dva slova mijenjaju značenje u suprotno.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ I go hardly ever to the cinema → ✓ I hardly ever go to the cinema. Između glagola i onoga što slijedi iza njega te riječi ne stoje.

Provjeri se. Kako reći „jedva poznajem susjede“? Što znači He works hard, a što He hardly works? Što ne valja u There's hardly no time?

prikaži odgovore
I hardly know my neighbours; prvo — radi puno i marljivo, drugo — gotovo ne radi; druga je niječnica suvišna: There's hardly any time.
Oglas

Vježbe za lekcije 7–11

35 min

1. Mješovito dopunjavanje.

  1. This time tomorrow I (fly) to Edinburgh
  2. If I (have) more time, I (learn) Italian
  3. I wish I (can) speak Italian
  4. His car is outside — he be at home. (gotovo sigurno da)
  5. It was hard, but we (manage) finish on time
  6. If I (be) you, I'd call her
  7. I wish my neighbour (stop) playing the drums at night
  8. That be Tom — he's in Spain this week. (gotovo sigurno ne)
  9. The train (suppose) arrive at six, but it's late again
  10. you (use) the car tonight? I'd like to borrow it
  11. You (not / need) bring anything — we've got everything
Prikaži odgovore
will be flying; had / would learn; could; must; managed to; were; would stop; can't; was supposed to / is supposed to; Will / be using; don't need to / do not need to

2. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. I'll flying to London at ten.
  2. If I would have more money, I would buy a flat.
  3. I wish I have a bigger kitchen.
  4. She must to be tired after the trip.
  5. I will can swim by the summer.
  6. I supposed to be at work at nine.
  7. I don't hardly know him.
  8. He works hardly — he's never at his desk.
Prikaži odgovore
I'll be flying to London at ten; If I had more money, I would buy a flat / If I had more money, I'd buy a flat; I wish I had a bigger kitchen; She must be tired after the trip; I'll be able to swim by the summer / I will be able to swim by the summer; I'm supposed to be at work at nine / I was supposed to be at work at nine; I hardly know him; He hardly works — he's never at his desk

3. Prepiši s riječju iz zagrade.

  1. I almost never eat meat. (hardly ever)
  2. I can only just hear you. (hardly)
  3. There's almost no milk left. (hardly any)
  4. We don't go out very often. (rarely)
  5. Almost nobody came to the meeting. (hardly anyone)
  6. She's almost never late. (hardly ever)
Prikaži odgovore
I hardly ever eat meat; I can hardly hear you; There's hardly any milk left; We rarely go out; Hardly anyone came to the meeting / Hardly anybody came to the meeting; She's hardly ever late

4. Povezivanje.

  1. He must be at home.
  2. He might be at home.
  3. He can't be at home.
  4. You don't need to come.
  5. You're supposed to come.
  6. You mustn't come.
Prikaži odgovore
`He must be at home.` — gotovo sigurno je kod kuće; `He might be at home.` — možda je kod kuće; `He can't be at home.` — gotovo sigurno nije kod kuće; `You don't need to come.` — ne moraš doći; `You're supposed to come.` — tako je propisano ili dogovoreno; `You mustn't come.` — ne smiješ doći

5. Preoblikuj

  1. I don't have a car, so I can't drive to work. (If …)
  2. I can't play the guitar. (I wish …)
  3. Will you use the printer this afternoon? (uljudno, o planovima)
  4. I'm sure she's in a meeting. (must)
  5. It was hard, but I finished the report. (managed to)
  6. My advice: talk to your manager. (If I were you …)
Prikaži odgovore
If I had a car, I could drive to work / If I had a car, I would drive to work / If I had a car, I'd drive to work; I wish I could play the guitar; Will you be using the printer this afternoon?; She must be in a meeting; It was hard, but I managed to finish the report; If I were you, I'd talk to your manager / If I were you, I would talk to your manager

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Sutra u osam vozit ću se na posao. 2) Na tvom mjestu ne bih kupio taj auto. 3) Šteta što imam tako malo slobodnog vremena. 4) Ona je sigurno kod kuće — u prozorima je svjetlo. 5) Bilo je teško, ali uspio sam pronaći put. 6) Gotovo nikad ne gledam televiziju.

Prikaži odgovore
At eight tomorrow I'll be driving to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be travelling to work / At eight tomorrow I'll be going to work; If I were you, I wouldn't buy this car / If I were you, I wouldn't buy that car; I wish I had more free time; She must be at home — the lights are on; It was difficult, but I managed to find the way; I hardly ever watch TV / I hardly ever watch television
Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno

  • lekcije 7–11 u cijelosti i hardly
  • hardly ever
  • rarely
  • hardly any

Slijedi lekcija 13: objasniti kako se to radi.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 85

neobavezno

Mini-produkcija

Ispričaj naglas i zapiši deset rečenica: čime ćeš biti zauzet sutra u tri trenutka; što bi učinio da imaš godinu dana slobode; zbog čega sada žališ i što te smeta u tuđem ponašanju; tri nagađanja o kolegi koji nije došao; što ti je nedavno uspjelo, a što nisi mogao. Barem jedna rečenica — s hardly, hardly ever ili rarely.

Kontrolna lista prije lekcije 13:

  • ima li u Future Continuousu be između 'll i -ing, a glagoli stanja — bez -ing?
  • u drugom kondicionalu would samo u glavnom dijelu, iza if — prošlo vrijeme?
  • iza wish prošlo vrijeme, would — samo o drugoj osobi, o stvarnoj budućnosti — hope?
  • nagađanje „ne“ — s can't, iza modalnog glagola nema to?
  • nema dvaju modalnih glagola zaredom, o uspjehu u jednom slučaju — managed to?
  • uz hardly nema drugog not?
Skica je spremljena na ovom uređaju
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