说出什么时候发生、多久一次
能用时间状语从句说将来的事,也能准确地说出一件事多久重复一次。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长,因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
18 分钟在 A2 第27课,你学过条件句的规则:说将来的 if 从句用现在时——If it rains, I'll stay at home,而不是 ✗ If it will rain。将来已经在主句里(I'll stay)说出来了,if 那部分只说明它在什么条件下发生。
时间连词也是这样。带 when、as soon as、until、before、after、by the time 的部分说的是事情在什么时候发生,这部分里没有将来时。汉语的动词本来就不变时态:“等我到了就给你打电话”——I'll call you when I get there。可是学过“说将来用 will”以后,很容易两部分都加上它。英语整句话只需要一个 will:主句已经说明了讲的是将来。
形式。 主句用 will、going to、祈使句或者情态动词。连词那部分用一般现在时。
| 连词 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| when | 当……的时候,等…… | I'll call you when I get home. |
| as soon as | 一……就…… | We'll start as soon as everyone arrives. |
| once | 一旦,一……就(已经……以后) | Once you pay, you'll get an email with the tickets. |
| until / till | 直到……(为止) | Wait here until I come back. |
| before | 在……之前 | Switch off the lights before you leave. |
| after | 在……之后 | I'll ring you after the meeting finishes. |
| while | 在……的时候,……的同时 | I'll make dinner while you're having a shower. |
| by the time | 到……的时候(已经) | By the time you arrive, the food will be ready. |
till 是 until 的口语说法,意思一样。while 后面通常用现在进行时:while 说的是一个正在进行的过程—— 这也是现在时。
否定句和疑问句按一般的规则构成,时态不变:主句用将来,连词后面用现在。I won't leave until you get back. What will you do when you finish university? Will you call me as soon as you hear something?
两部分的顺序可以调换。 连词那部分在前,后面加逗号:When I get home, I'll call you. 在后就不加逗号: I'll call you when I get home. 这和讲过去的事时的规则一样(第2课)。
“做完以后”——现在完成时。 如果要强调一件事在另一件事开始之前会全部做完,连词后面用现在完成时:I'll send you the report when I've finished it.——“等我(整个)写完了,就把报告发给你”。As soon as I've read the book, I'll give it back. 在 when、after、as soon as、once、until 后面最常这样说。这里用一般现在时也对;现在完成时强调事情会做完。这里同样没有将来时。
什么时候用。 三种典型的情况:
- 约定和承诺:I'll text you as soon as I land.——“我一落地就给你发消息”;
- 给出指示:Don't open the door until the light goes green.——“绿灯亮了再开门”;
- 一步一步地安排计划:After we've had lunch, we'll go to the museum.
until——后面不加否定。 汉语说“等我回来”,没有否定词;有时也说“在我没回来以前别走”,这里的“没”其实是多余的,意思和“在我回来以前”一样。英语的 until 本身就是“直到……”,后面不再加否定:Wait until I come back. 如果否定在主句里,意思就是“直到……才……”:I won't pay until I see the car.——“看到车我才付钱”。
和 if、和疑问句比较。 when 有两个“邻居”,常常和它混淆:
| I'll call you when I see her. | 我肯定会见到她,只是不知道什么时候。 |
| I'll call you if I see her. | 也许会见到,也许见不到。 |
| When will you be back? | 问“什么时候?”——要用将来时。 |
| I don't know when he'll be back. | 间接疑问句(第19课)——要用将来时。 |
| I'll call you when he gets back. | 时间连词——用现在时。 |
检查的方法很简单。如果你在问“什么时候?”,或者说不知道什么时候——这是疑问句,里面要用 will,和任何关于将来的问题一样。如果 when 说的是主句的动作发生的时刻——这是连词,后面用现在时。
多久一次:every。 every + 单数名词表示规律:every day,every Monday,every summer。加上数字就成了间隔:every two weeks——“每两周一次”,every three hours——“每三个小时”。这里名词用复数,因为 every 指的是“两周”这一整组。every other day——“隔一天一次”:每隔一天。和 A1 学过的 once a week、twice a month 一起,这是说频率的两种方式:once a week 说一段时间里有几次,every two weeks 说两次之间隔多久。
every time 和 whenever——“每次……的时候”。 它们也是时间连词,规则一样:说将来,后面用现在时。 Every time I see him, he's on the phone.——说的是总是这样的事。Whenever you're in Leeds, come and see us.——说的是将来,但是用 you're,不是 ✗ you'll be。
every 和 each。 两个词都是“每个”,后面都用单数名词,动词也用单数:Every room has a TV. Each room has a TV. 区别在于说话人怎么看这一组:
| every——把整组一起看,“全部,没有例外” | Every student passed the exam. |
| each——一个一个分开看 | The teacher spoke to each student. |
形式上也有区别:
- each 也能说两个:She had a bag in each hand. every 只说三个以及更多。
- each 可以单独用,也可以带 of:each of us,each of the rooms,We each got a copy. every 不能这样用:✗ every of us → ✓ each of us 或者 every one of us。
- 和 almost、nearly、not 连用只能用 every:almost every day,Not every hotel has a lift.
两个都能用的地方,区别几乎听不出来:every time 和 each time 意思一样。
更多例子:
| I'll let you know as soon as I hear anything. | 我一有消息就告诉你。 |
| We won't start until everyone is here. | 等大家都到了我们才开始。 |
| Before you go, could you close the window? | 走之前,请你把窗户关上好吗? |
| By the time you get there, the shop will be closed. | 等你到那儿,商店已经关门了。 |
| I'll read the news while you're driving. | 你开车的时候,我来看看新闻。 |
| The bus comes every twenty minutes. | 公共汽车每二十分钟一班。 |
| Each of the rooms has its own bathroom. | 每个房间都有自己的浴室。 |
| Each of you will get a copy when the meeting starts. | 会议开始的时候,你们每人会拿到一份。 |
不能这样说。 ✗ every days → ✓ every day。every 后面不带数字的时候,名词总是单数。
自我检测。 “你一到就给我打电话”怎么说?为什么 I don't know when she'll arrive 里用 will?She wore a ring on ___ hand 里填 each 还是 every?
显示答案
中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写when 后面加 will。
✗ I'll call you when I will get home → ✓ I'll call you when I get home。汉语“等我到家就给你打电话”两部分都不标时态,学过“说将来用 will”的人就两部分都加上。这是本课最常见的错误,as soon as、until、before、after 后面也一样:✗ as soon as I will know → ✓ as soon as I know。
every 后面的单复数。
✗ every days,✗ Every room have a TV → ✓ every day,Every room has a TV。汉语说“每个房间都有电视”,“都”让人觉得说的是很多个,于是名词或者动词用了复数。every 后面一律用单数。反过来,带数字时名词要用复数:✗ every two week → ✓ every two weeks,虽然汉语“每两周”里的 “周”没有变化。
“直到……才”漏掉 not。
✗ I'll pay until I see the car
✓ I won't pay until I see the car
。汉语“看到车才付钱”里没有否定词,英语却要靠主句里的 not 表示“在这之前不”。没有 not,句子就成了 “一直付钱,直到看到车”。
发音
4 分钟连词不重读,重音落在实义动词上:
| I'll call you when I get home. | /aɪl ˈkɔːl jə wen aɪ ɡet ˈhəʊm/——when 弱读 |
| as soon as I know | /əz ˈsuːn əz aɪ ˈnəʊ/——两个 as 都读 /əz/ |
| until I come back | /ənˈtɪl aɪ kʌm ˈbæk/——前两个词连成一片:/ənˈtɪlaɪ/ |
until 的重音在第二个音节:/ənˈtɪl/,不是 /ˈʌntɪl/。末尾的 /l/ 和后面一个词的元音连在一起:until I 读成一个整体。
两部分句子的语调。 连词那部分在前时,它的末尾语调上扬——“后面还有话”——主句末尾下降:When I get home ↗, I'll call you ↘.
each 和 every: each /iːtʃ/——长音 /iː/,别和 itch /ɪtʃ/(“痒”)混淆。every /ˈevri/—— 两个音节:中间的 e 不发音。
课文
5 分钟Hi Sam,
Here's the plan for Friday. I'll get to the venue at eight, and I'll text you as soon as I arrive. Please don't let anyone in until I've checked the room — the projector didn't work last time.
When the participants arrive, each of them will get a badge and a printed programme. Every badge has a name and a group number on it. There are forty people, so we'll need two tables: one for groups one to three and the other for groups four and five.
The first session starts at half past nine. Before it begins, could you check that every chair has a pen and a feedback form? While I'm giving the introduction, you can look after the late arrivals.
We'll have a short break every hour and a half. After lunch, the groups will swap rooms, so some people will stay where they are and others will move upstairs.
By the time we finish, everyone will be tired, so let's keep the closing short. I'll send you the photos once I get home.
One other thing: could you bring another extension lead? We never have enough. If you have any questions, call me — I'll be in the office until six on Thursday.
Thanks! Jo
练习
32 分钟1. 把括号里的动词变成正确的形式:
- I'll text you as soon as the train (leave)
- We (not / start) until everyone is here
- When you (see) Anna, say hello from me
- Don't forget to lock the door before you (go) out
- I (make) dinner while you're having a shower
- By the time we (get) there, the museum will be closed
- I don't know when the results (be) ready
- After I (finish) university, I'm going to look for a job abroad
显示答案
2. 填入
- The buses run ten minutes
- She had a heavy bag in hand
- of the guests got a small present
- room in the hotel has a balcony
- The tickets cost twenty pounds
- I go to the gym other day
- Not hotel in the town has a car park
- time I see him, he's on the phone
显示答案
3. 合成一句。
- I'll get to the station. Then I'll call you. (as soon as)
- You'll come back. I'll wait here till then. (until)
- We'll have dinner. Then we'll watch the film. (after)
- You'll leave. Turn off the heating first. (before)
- The guests will arrive. The room will be ready by then. (by the time)
- You'll be in Bath next month. Come and see us. (when)
- I'll be at work. You can use my car. (while)
- I'll finish this email. Then I'll help you. (when)
显示答案
4. 找出错误并改正。
- I'll phone you when I will arrive.
- Wait here until I don't come back.
- Every of us got a certificate.
- She wore a ring on every hand.
- She visits her parents every weeks.
- As soon as I will hear anything, I'll let you know.
- We won't leave until the rain won't stop.
显示答案
5. 译成英语。
1) 我一知道结果就给你打电话。 2) 雨不停,我们就不走。 3) 报告写完了就发给我。 4) 我隔一天去一次游泳池。 5) 我们每个人都拿到了一把钥匙。 6) 我回来之前别开始。
显示答案
6. 用完整的句子回答
——说说你自己。下面的答案是范例。 1) What will you do as soon as you get home today? 2) What do you do every week, and what do you do every other week? 3) What are you going to do when you finish this course?
显示答案
小结
本课已学:八个时间连词后面用现在时说将来,表示事情已经做完时用现在完成时,until 后面不加否定,when 作连词和作疑问词;说频率的 every 和 every other day,every time 和 whenever;every 和 each 的区别。下一课——第32课:解释一个决定。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
14 词- once /wʌns/ 一旦,一……就(连词)
- whenever /wenˈevə/ 每当,无论什么时候
- every other day /ˌevri ˌʌðə ˈdeɪ/ 隔一天,每两天一次
- each /iːtʃ/ 每个(逐个地)
- till /tɪl/ 直到(口语)
- venue /ˈvenjuː/ 举办地点,会场
- participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ 参加者
- badge /bædʒ/ 胸牌,徽章
- programme /ˈprəʊɡræm/ 活动日程,节目单
- session /ˈseʃn/ (会议、课程的)一节,一场
- feedback form /ˈfiːdbæk fɔːm/ 意见反馈表
- projector /prəˈdʒektə/ 投影仪
- swap /swɒp/ 交换,调换
- extension lead /ɪkˈstenʃn liːd/ 插线板,延长线
写作
写五六个句子——给同事或者邻居留个字条,说说明天你不在的时候会有什么事:要做什么,某件事发生以后怎么办,要等到什么时候,每个人会拿到什么。至少用三个不同的时间连词,一个 every 或者 each。
范例: I'm leaving early tomorrow, so here's the plan. When the plumber arrives, please show him the kitchen. Don't pay him until he has finished. As soon as he leaves, could you text me? The cat needs food every morning and every evening. I'll be back by the time you get home from work.
检查清单:when、as soon as、until、before、after 后面用的是现在时吗?until 后面没有 not 吧? every 和 each 后面是单数吗?