Slovnica ~59 min jedra še preostane

Povedati, kdaj in kako pogosto se bo kaj zgodilo

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam sestaviti poved o prihodnosti s časovnim odvisnikom in natančno povedati, kako pogosto se kaj ponavlja.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 59 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

18 min

Na A2 #27 si se naučil pravilo pogojnih povedi: za if o prihodnosti stoji sedanjik — If it rains, I'll stay at home, ne ✗ If it will rain. Prihodnost je že povedana v glavnem delu (I'll stay), del z if pa pove samo, pod katerim pogojem bo nastopila.

Prav tako so urejeni časovni vezniki. Del z when, as soon as, until, before, after, by the time pove, v katerem trenutku se bo kaj zgodilo, in prihodnjika v njem ni, čeprav ga ima slovenščina tam pogosto: „poklical te bom, ko bom prišel tja“ — I'll call you when I get there. Angleščini zadošča en will za vso poved: glavni del je že sporočil, da gre za prihodnost.

Oblika. V glavnem delu — will, going to, velelnik ali modalni glagol. V delu z veznikom — Present Simple.

veznik pomen primer
when ko, kadar I'll call you when I get home.
as soon as takoj ko, brž ko We'll start as soon as everyone arrives.
once takoj ko, ko enkrat Once you pay, you'll get an email with the tickets.
until / till dokler ne, do Wait here until I come back.
before preden Switch off the lights before you leave.
after potem ko, ko I'll ring you after the meeting finishes.
while medtem ko I'll make dinner while you're having a shower.
by the time do takrat, ko By the time you arrive, the food will be ready.

till je pogovorna različica until in pomeni isto. Za while navadno stoji Present Continuous: while govori o procesu, ki teče, — in tudi to je sedanji čas.

Zanikanje in vprašanje se tvorita po običajnih pravilih, čas pa je isti: prihodnost v glavnem delu, sedanjik za veznikom. I won't leave until you get back. What will you do when you finish university? Will you call me as soon as you hear something?

Vrstni red delov je prost. Če del z veznikom stoji prvi, za njim postavimo vejico: When I get home, I'll call you. Če stoji drugi, vejice ni: I'll call you when I get home. To je isto pravilo kot v pripovedi o preteklosti (B1 #2).

„Ko končam“ — Present Perfect. Če je pomembno, da bo eno opravilo povsem končano, preden se začne drugo, za veznikom stoji Present Perfect: I'll send you the report when I've finished it. — „poslal ti ga bom, ko ga dokončam (vsega, v celoti)“. As soon as I've read the book, I'll give it back. Tako se najpogosteje reče za when, after, as soon as, once, until. Present Simple je tu tudi pravilen; Present Perfect poudari, da bo opravilo narejeno. Prihodnjika ni niti tu.

Kdaj se uporablja. Tri tipične situacije:

  • dogovoriti se in obljubiti: I'll text you as soon as I land. — „Napišem ti, takoj ko pristanem“;
  • dati navodilo: Don't open the door until the light goes green. — „Ne odpiraj, dokler ne zasveti zelena“;
  • razpisati načrt po korakih: After we've had lunch, we'll go to the museum.

until — brez „ne“. Slovensko „počakaj, dokler se ne vrnem“ ima nikalnico, čeprav je pomen trdilen: čakati, potem pa se vrnem. V angleščini until že samo pomeni „dokler ne“, in drugega zanikanja za njim ni: Wait until I come back. Če pa nikalnica stoji v glavnem delu, nastane „ne prej kot“: I won't pay until I see the car. — „Ne bom plačal, dokler ne vidim avta.“

Primerjaj z if in z vprašanjem. when ima dva soseda, in z obema ga zamenjujejo:

I'll call you when I see her. Videl jo bom zagotovo, vprašanje je le — kdaj.
I'll call you if I see her. Morda jo bom videl, morda pa ne.
When will you be back? Vprašanje „kdaj?“ — prihodnjik je potreben.
I don't know when he'll be back. Posredno vprašanje (B1 #19) — prihodnjik je potreben.
I'll call you when he gets back. Časovni veznik — sedanjik.

Preverjanje je preprosto. Če sprašuješ „kdaj?“ ali praviš, da ne veš kdaj, — je to vprašanje, in will v njem stoji kot v vsakem vprašanju o prihodnosti. Če when imenuje trenutek, v katerem se bo zgodilo glavno dejanje, — je to veznik, in za njim stoji sedanjik.

Kako pogosto: every. every + samostalnik v ednini imenuje redno ponavljanje: every day, every Monday, every summer. S števnikom dobimo presledek: every two weeks — „vsaka dva tedna“, every three hours — „vsake tri ure“. Samostalnik je tu v množini, ker se every nanaša na vso skupino „dva tedna“. every other day — „vsak drugi dan“. Skupaj z once a week, twice a month (A1) sta to dva načina, kako povedati pogostost: once a week — kolikokrat v obdobju, every two weeks — kakšen je presledek med dvema ponovitvama.

every time in whenever — „vsakič, ko“. Tudi to sta časovna veznika, in pravilo zanju je isto: o prihodnosti za njima stoji sedanjik. Every time I see him, he's on the phone. — o tem, kar je vedno tako. Whenever you're in Leeds, come and see us. — o prihodnosti, a you're, ne ✗ you'll be.

every in each. Oba pomenita „vsak“, oba stojita pred samostalnikom v ednini, in tudi glagol za njima je v ednini: Every room has a TV. Each room has a TV. Razlika je v tem, kako govorec gleda na skupino:

every — na vso skupino hkrati, „vsi brez izjeme“ Every student passed the exam.
each — na vsakega posebej, enega za drugim The teacher spoke to each student.

Razlikujeta se tudi po obliki:

  • each je lahko tudi o dveh: She had a bag in each hand. every — samo o treh in več.
  • each stoji samostojno in z of: each of us, each of the rooms, We each got a copy. every tega ne zmore: ✗ every of us → ✓ each of us ali every one of us.
  • Z almost, nearly, not je mogoč samo every: almost every day, Not every hotel has a lift.

Kjer sta mogoča oba, se razlika skoraj ne sliši: every time in each time pomenita isto.

Še primeri:

I'll let you know as soon as I hear anything. Sporočim ti, takoj ko kaj izvem.
We won't start until everyone is here. Ne bomo začeli, dokler ne pridejo vsi.
Before you go, could you close the window? Preden greš, prosim, zapri okno.
By the time you get there, the shop will be closed. Ko boš prišel tja, bo trgovina že zaprta.
I'll read the news while you're driving. Medtem ko ti voziš, bom jaz bral novice.
The bus comes every twenty minutes. Avtobus vozi na dvajset minut.
Each of the rooms has its own bathroom. Vsaka soba ima svojo kopalnico.
Each of you will get a copy when the meeting starts. Vsak od vas bo dobil izvod, ko se sestanek začne.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ every days → ✓ every day. Za every brez števnika je samostalnik vedno v ednini.

Preveri se. Kako se reče „Pokliči me, takoj ko prideš“? Zakaj v I don't know when she'll arrive stoji will? each ali every: She wore a ring on ___ hand?

prikaži odgovore
Call me as soon as you arrive ali Call me as soon as you get there; when je tu vprašalnica v posrednem vprašanju, ne časovni veznik; each — roki sta samo dve.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

will za when

✗ I'll call you when I will get home → ✓ I'll call you when I get home. Slovenščina ima pogosto prihodnjik v obeh delih — „poklical te bom, ko bom doma“, „sporočil ti bom, takoj ko bom vedel“ —, in „bom“ postane will tudi za veznikom. To je najpogostejša napaka lekcije, in z as soon as, until, before, after je ista: ✗ as soon as I will know → ✓ as soon as I know. Namig: „ko pridem“, „takoj ko izvem“ imajo tudi v slovenščini sedanjik.

2

„Dokler se ne vrnem“ dobesedno

✗ Wait until I don't come back

✓ Wait until I come back

Slovensko „dokler ne“ nosi nikalnico, in ta preide v angleščino. A until že pomeni „dokler ne“, in drugo zanikanje naredi iz povedi nesmisel.

3

En sam slovenski „vsak“

✗ every of us → ✓ each of us; ✗ a ring on every hand → ✓ a ring on each hand. „Vsak od nas“ se prevede kot every of, „na vsaki roki“ pa ne vpraša, koliko je rok. Za every ni of, o dveh pa se reče samo each.

4

Vejica pred when

✗ I'll call you, when I get home

✓ I'll call you when I get home

V slovenščini stoji vejica pred „ko“, „dokler“, „preden“ vedno, v angleščini samo takrat, ko je del z veznikom na prvem mestu.

Izgovorjava

4 min

Vezniki so nenaglašeni, naglas je na polnopomenskem glagolu:

I'll call you when I get home. /aɪl ˈkɔːl jə wen aɪ ɡet ˈhəʊm/ — when je šibek
as soon as I know /əz ˈsuːn əz aɪ ˈnəʊ/ — oba as zvenita /əz/
until I come back /ənˈtɪl aɪ kʌm ˈbæk/ — zveni kot ena beseda

until ima naglas na drugem zlogu: /ənˈtɪl/, ne na prvem. Končni /l/ se zlije s samoglasnikom naslednje besede: until I zveni kot en kos.

Intonacija dvodelne povedi. Če del z veznikom stoji prvi, se glas na njegovem koncu dvigne — „nadaljevanje sledi“ —, na koncu glavnega dela pa pade: When I get home ↗, I'll call you ↘.

each in every: each /iːtʃ/ — dolgi /iː/, ne zamenjaj z itch /ɪtʃ/ — „srbeti“. every /ˈevri/ — dva zloga: srednji e se ne izgovori.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

Hi Sam,

Here's the plan for Friday. I'll get to the venue at eight, and I'll text you as soon as I arrive. Please don't let anyone in until I've checked the room — the projector didn't work last time.

When the participants arrive, each of them will get a badge and a printed programme. Every badge has a name and a group number on it. There are forty people, so we'll need two tables: one for groups one to three and the other for groups four and five.

The first session starts at half past nine. Before it begins, could you check that every chair has a pen and a feedback form? While I'm giving the introduction, you can look after the late arrivals.

We'll have a short break every hour and a half. After lunch, the groups will swap rooms, so some people will stay where they are and others will move upstairs.

By the time we finish, everyone will be tired, so let's keep the closing short. I'll send you the photos once I get home.

One other thing: could you bring another extension lead? We never have enough. If you have any questions, call me — I'll be in the office until six on Thursday.

Thanks! Jo

Branje na glas

Vaje

32 min

1. Razreši oklepaje:

  1. I'll text you as soon as the train (leave)
  2. We (not / start) until everyone is here
  3. When you (see) Anna, say hello from me
  4. Don't forget to lock the door before you (go) out
  5. I (make) dinner while you're having a shower
  6. By the time we (get) there, the museum will be closed
  7. I don't know when the results (be) ready
  8. After I (finish) university, I'm going to look for a job abroad
Prikaži odgovore
leaves; won't start / will not start; see; go; 'll make / will make; get; will be / 'll be; finish / 've finished / have finished

2. Vstavi

  1. The buses run ten minutes
  2. She had a heavy bag in hand
  3. of the guests got a small present
  4. room in the hotel has a balcony
  5. The tickets cost twenty pounds
  6. I go to the gym other day
  7. Not hotel in the town has a car park
  8. time I see him, he's on the phone
Prikaži odgovore
every; each; Each; Every / Each; each; every; every; Every / Each

3. Združi dve povedi v eno

  1. I'll get to the station. Then I'll call you. (as soon as)
  2. You'll come back. I'll wait here till then. (until)
  3. We'll have dinner. Then we'll watch the film. (after)
  4. You'll leave. Turn off the heating first. (before)
  5. The guests will arrive. The room will be ready by then. (by the time)
  6. You'll be in Bath next month. Come and see us. (when)
  7. I'll be at work. You can use my car. (while)
  8. I'll finish this email. Then I'll help you. (when)
Prikaži odgovore
I'll call you as soon as I get to the station / As soon as I get to the station, I'll call you; I'll wait here until you come back / Until you come back, I'll wait here; We'll watch the film after we've had dinner / After we've had dinner, we'll watch the film / We'll watch the film after we have dinner / After we have dinner, we'll watch the film; Turn off the heating before you leave / Before you leave, turn off the heating; The room will be ready by the time the guests arrive / By the time the guests arrive, the room will be ready; Come and see us when you're in Bath next month / When you're in Bath next month, come and see us; You can use my car while I'm at work / While I'm at work, you can use my car; I'll help you when I've finished this email / When I've finished this email, I'll help you / I'll help you when I finish this email / When I finish this email, I'll help you

4. Iskanje napak.

  1. I'll phone you when I will arrive.
  2. Wait here until I don't come back.
  3. Every of us got a certificate.
  4. She wore a ring on every hand.
  5. She visits her parents every weeks.
  6. As soon as I will hear anything, I'll let you know.
  7. We won't leave until the rain won't stop.
Prikaži odgovore
I'll phone you when I arrive; Wait here until I come back; Each of us got a certificate / Every one of us got a certificate; She wore a ring on each hand; She visits her parents every week; As soon as I hear anything, I'll let you know; We won't leave until the rain stops

5. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Poklical te bom, takoj ko izvem rezultate. 2) Ne bomo odšli, dokler dež ne poneha. 3) Ko končaš poročilo, mi ga pošlji. 4) Na bazen hodim vsak drugi dan. 5) Vsak od nas je dobil ključ. 6) Ne začnite, dokler se ne vrnem.

Prikaži odgovore
I'll call you as soon as I know the results / I'll call you as soon as I get the results / I'll ring you as soon as I know the results; We won't leave until the rain stops / We won't leave until it stops raining; When you've finished the report, send it to me / When you finish the report, send it to me / Send me the report when you've finished it; I go swimming every other day / I go to the pool every other day; Each of us got a key / We each got a key / Each of us received a key; Don't start until I come back / Don't start until I get back / Don't start until I'm back

6. Odgovori o sebi

s celimi povedmi. Rešitve spodaj so zgled. 1) What will you do as soon as you get home today? 2) What do you do every week, and what do you do every other week? 3) What are you going to do when you finish this course?

Prikaži odgovore
As soon as I get home, I'll have a shower and make dinner; I go to the gym every week, and I visit my grandmother every other week; When I finish this course, I'm going to read a novel in English
Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano

  • sedanjik o prihodnosti za osmimi časovnimi vezniki
  • Present Perfect za njimi za končano opravilo
  • until brez zanikanja
  • when kot veznik in kot vprašalnica; every o pogostosti in every other day
  • every time in whenever; every proti each

Sledi lekcija 32: pojasniti odločitev.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 104

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

14 besed
  • once /wʌns/ takoj ko, ko enkrat (veznik)
  • whenever /wenˈevə/ kadar koli, vsakič ko
  • every other day /ˌevri ˌʌðə ˈdeɪ/ vsak drugi dan
  • each /iːtʃ/ vsak (posamezno)
  • till /tɪl/ dokler ne, do (pog.)
  • venue /ˈvenjuː/ prizorišče, kraj dogodka
  • participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/ udeleženec
  • badge /bædʒ/ priponka, značka
  • programme /ˈprəʊɡræm/ program
  • session /ˈseʃn/ sklop, del programa
  • feedback form /ˈfiːdbæk fɔːm/ anketni list za mnenja
  • projector /prəˈdʒektə/ projektor
  • swap /swɒp/ zamenjati (si)
  • extension lead /ɪkˈstenʃn liːd/ podaljšek (električni)

Pisanje

Pet ali šest povedi — sporočilo sodelavcu ali sosedu o tem, kaj bo jutri, ko te ne bo: kaj naj naredi, ko se kaj zgodi, do katerega trenutka naj čaka, kaj bo kdo dobil. Vsaj trije različni časovni vezniki in en every ali each.

Zgled

I'm leaving early tomorrow, so here's the plan. When the plumber arrives, please show him the kitchen. Don't pay him until he has finished. As soon as he leaves, could you text me? The cat needs food every morning and every evening. I'll be back by the time you get home from work.

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