Grammatika ~54 min tuumikust jäänud

Anda täpselt edasi, mida teised ütlesid

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan täpselt edasi anda teise inimese sõnad, küsimuse ja palve.

Alusta tundi Tuum 54 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

16 min

A2 #29 tunnis õppisid kaudset kõnet ära tundma: He said he was tired — ja mõistma, et was ei tähenda siin minevikku. Nüüd tuleb kaudset kõnet ise moodustada, ja mitte ainult väidet, vaid ka küsimust ja palvet. Skeeme on kolm, loogika aga üks: räägid enda nimel vestlusest, mis on juba möödas.

Väide: aegade nihe. Seda juhatab sisse said (mida ütles) või told + keda (kellele ütles) — seda paari tead A2 #29 tunnist. Kui sissejuhatav verb on minevikus, astub ümberjutustuse aeg sammu võrra tagasi. Eesti keeles jääb aeg samaks („ütles, et on väsinud“), inglise keel aga viib kõrvallause aja kooskõlla pealausega: sõnad kõlasid „siis“, ja kõik, mis nende sees, vaatab samuti „sealt“. See on sama loogika mis Past Perfectil B1 #1 tunnis: sündmused reastuvad jutustamise punktist.

otsene kõne kaudne kõne
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should ja might ei nihku: kaugemale tagasi pole neil kuhugi minna. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Millal nihutada pole vaja. Kui sissejuhatav verb on olevikus, nihet pole: She says she's tired — nii antakse edasi just öeldut. Kui öeldu on ka praegu tõsi, võib aja jätta samaks: He said he lives in Leeds — ja elab seal siiani. Nihutatud lived on sel juhul samuti õige.

Past Simple: nihe on põhireegel, ilma nihketa on samuti õige. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — nii on reegli järgi, ja kirjas on see kõige kindlam. Kuid Past Simple jäetakse kaudses kõnes sageli samaks: He said he lost his keys. See ei ole viga: sündmuste järjekord on niigi selge — enne kaotas, siis ütles —, ja Past Perfect ei lisa midagi. Eriti sageli öeldakse nii, kui aeg on nimetatud: She said she arrived on Monday. Kursuse harjutustes võetakse vastu mõlemad variandid; kui kahtled, nihuta.

Asesõnad, koht ja aeg. Nüüd räägib teine inimene, seepärast muutub I sõnaks he või she, my aga sõnaks his või her. Kui ümberjutustus kõlab teisel päeval või teises kohas, muutuvad ka aja- ja kohasõnad:

otseses kõnes kaudses kõnes
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Samal päeval pole neid vaja muuta: She said she'd call me tomorrow — kui homne pole veel kätte jõudnud.

Küsimus: otsene sõnajärg ja if. Kaudses kõnes lakkab küsimus olemast küsimus: sa ei esita seda, vaid teatad sellest. Seepärast on tal tavalise väite sõnajärg — kõigepealt alus, siis verb —, do, does, did kaovad ja küsimärki pole. Seda juhatab sisse asked või wanted to know.

otsene küsimus kaudne kõne
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Küsimussõnaga where, what, why küsimus säilitab selle sõna. Ilma sellise sõnata küsimus — „jah“ või „ei“ peale — saab if-i või whether-i, see on eesti „kas“.

Palve ja korraldus: to + verb. Palvet juhatab sisse asked, korraldust või käsku — told, ja nende järel tuleb inimene ning to + verb. Eitus — not to.

otsene kõne kaudne kõne
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? on vormilt küsimus, sisult aga palve, seepärast antakse see edasi asked me to abil.

Võrdle asked me to ja asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Palus: „Helista Annale.“
He asked me if I had called Anna. Küsis: „Kas sa helistasid Annale?“

to järel tuleb palve, if järel — küsimus.

Nii ei öelda. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Kaudne küsimus on väide, ja selle lõpus on punkt.

Kontrolli ennast. Kuidas anda edasi Anna sõnu "I've lost my phone"? Miks She asked where I lived, mitte where did I live? Kuidas anda edasi "Don't touch it!"?

näita vastuseid
Anna said she had lost her phone; kaudses kõnes on küsimusel otsene sõnajärg ja did-i pole, sest sa ei küsi, vaid teatad küsimusest; He told me not to touch it — not to + verb.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

Aeg jääb nihutamata

✗ Last week Kate said she will call me the next day → ✓ Last week Kate said she would call me the next day. Eesti keeles jääb aeg ümberjutustuses samaks („ütles, et helistab järgmisel päeval“), ja will tundub õige. Kui sissejuhatav verb on minevikus ja öeldu on juba möödas, astub aeg sammu võrra tagasi: will → would, can → could, am → was.

2

Küsiv sõnajärg kaudses kõnes

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. Eesti kaudne küsimus kõlab nagu otsene („kus sa elad?“ — „küsis, kus ma elan“), ja inglise küsimuse muster did-iga tuleb harjumusest kaasa. Kuid inglise keel teeb vahet: küsimust esitatakse — sõnajärg on küsiv, küsimusest teatatakse — otsene.

3

said me ja told ilma inimeseta

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… või He said to me that…. Eesti „ütlema“ katab mõlemat inglise verbi. say ütleb, mis kõlas, tell — kellele.

4

Koma that-i ja if-i ees

✗ He said, that he was tired

✗ She asked, if I was coming

✓ He said that he was tired

She asked if I was coming. Eesti keeles pannakse „et“, „kas“, „kus“ ette koma, inglise keeles nende sõnade ette koma ei panda.

Hääldus

3 min

Kaudses küsimuses on intonatsioon langev:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

See on väide küsimuse kohta, mitte küsimus ise. Hääle tõus lõpus muudaks lause jälle küsimuseks — sage viga kõrva järgi: lause on õigesti üles ehitatud, aga kõlab nagu küsimus.

said ja says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — lühikese /e/-ga, mitte /eɪ/-ga nagu sõnas say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — üks silp: /sk/ ja /t/ kõlavad järjest, ilma täishäälikuta nende vahel.

that on kaudses kõnes rõhuta: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, peaaegu märkamatult.

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Tekst

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

30 min

1. Kirjuta ümber kaudses kõnes.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Näita vastuseid
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Kirjuta küsimused ümber kaudses kõnes.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Näita vastuseid
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Kirjuta palved ja korraldused ümber kaudses kõnes.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Näita vastuseid
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Vea leidmine.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Näita vastuseid
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Pane lünka said, told, asked, if või to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Näita vastuseid
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Ta ütles, et on väsinud. 2) Ta küsis, kus ma töötan. 3) Ta küsis, kas ma tulen. 4) Arst käskis mul nädal aega mitte töötada. 5) Nad ütlesid, et on juba söönud.

Näita vastuseid
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Jutusta vestlus ümber.

Meenuta hiljutist telefonikõnet või vestlust poes. Jutusta see ümber viie lausega: mida sulle öeldi, mida küsiti, mida paluti.

Näidis: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: kõigi tuttavate ajavormide ja modaalverbide nihe, millal nihet pole vaja, Past Simple nihkega ja ilma, aja- ja kohasõnad, kaudne küsimus — otsene sõnajärg, if ja whether, kaudne palve ja korraldus — asked me to, told me not to. Edasi — 16. tund: teise inimese nõuanne.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 88

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

14 sõna
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ administraator, registraator
  • whether /ˈweðə/ kas
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ eelmisel päeval
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ järgmisel päeval
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ järgmisel nädalal (kaudses kõnes)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ tellimus; tellima
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ pakk
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ ladu
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ kadunud
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ pangaülekanne
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ (telefonis) ootele panema
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ jälgimisnumber
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ sõnumit jätma
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ teel

Kirjutamine

Kuus lauset — telefonikõne või kirjavahetuse ümberjutustus: mida sulle öeldi, mida sina ütlesid, mida sinult küsiti ja mida paluti.

Näidis

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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