Gramatika ~54 min z jadra zostáva

Presne prerozprávať cudzie slová

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Viem presne odovzdať cudzie slová, otázku a prosbu.

Začať lekciu Jadro 54 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

16 min

Na A2 #29 stačilo nepriamu reč spoznať: He said he was tired — a pochopiť, že was tu neznamená minulosť. Teraz ju treba tvoriť sám, a nielen oznámenie, ale aj otázku a prosbu. Schémy sú tri, a logika jedna: hovoríš sám za seba o rozhovore, ktorý už prebehol.

Oznamovacia veta: posun časov. Uvádza ju said (čo povedal) alebo told + komu (komu povedal) — túto dvojicu poznáš z A2 #29. Ak je uvádzacie sloveso v minulom čase, čas v nepriamej reči ustúpi o krok späť. Angličtina zlaďuje čas vedľajšej vety s hlavnou: slová zazneli „vtedy“, a všetko vnútri sa tiež pozerá z „vtedy“. Je to tá istá logika ako pri Past Perfect v B1 #1: udalosti sa radia od bodu rozprávania.

priama reč nepriama reč
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should a might sa neposúvajú: ďalej dozadu nemajú kam. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Kedy posun nie je povinný. Ak je uvádzacie sloveso v prítomnom čase, posun nie je: She says she's tired — tak sa odovzdáva to, čo práve zaznelo. Ak to, čo bolo povedané, platí aj teraz, čas sa môže ponechať: He said he lives in Leeds — a býva tam dodnes. Posunuté lived je v tomto prípade tiež správne.

Past Simple: posun je základné pravidlo, bez posunu je to tiež správne. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — tak je to podľa pravidla a v písaní je to najistejšie. Past Simple sa však v nepriamej reči často necháva tak, ako je: He said he lost his keys. Nie je to chyba: poradie udalostí je jasné aj tak — najprv stratil, potom povedal —, a Past Perfect nič nepridáva. Obzvlášť často sa tak hovorí, keď je čas uvedený: She said she arrived on Monday. V cvičeniach kurzu sa uznávajú obe možnosti; ak váhaš, posúvaj.

Zámená, miesto a čas. Teraz hovorí iný človek, preto sa I mení na he alebo she a my — na his alebo her. Ak nepriama reč zaznie v iný deň alebo na inom mieste, menia sa aj slová o čase a mieste:

v priamej reči v nepriamej reči
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

V ten istý deň ich meniť netreba: She said she'd call me tomorrow — ak zajtrajšok ešte nenastal.

Otázka: priamy slovosled a if. V nepriamej reči otázka prestáva byť otázkou: nekladieš ju, ale oznamuješ ju. Preto má slovosled obyčajnej oznamovacej vety — najprv podmet, potom sloveso —, do, does, did miznú a otáznik nie je. Uvádza ju asked alebo wanted to know.

priama otázka nepriama reč
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Otázka so slovom where, what, why si toto slovo zachová. Otázka bez takého slova — na „áno“ alebo „nie“ — dostane if alebo whether, je to anglické „či“.

Prosba a pokyn: to + sloveso. Prosbu uvádza asked, pokyn alebo príkaz — told, a za nimi stojí človek a to + sloveso. Zápor — not to.

priama reč nepriama reč
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? je tvarom otázka, ale zmyslom prosba, preto sa odovzdáva cez asked me to.

Porovnaj asked me to a asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Poprosil: „Zavolaj Anne.“
He asked me if I had called Anna. Spýtal sa: „Volal si Anne?“

Po to ide prosba, po if — otázka.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Nepriama otázka je oznamovacia veta a na konci má bodku.

Otestuj sa. Ako odovzdať slová Anny "I've lost my phone"? Prečo She asked where I lived, a nie where did I live? Ako odovzdať "Don't touch it!"?

zobraziť odpovede
Anna said she had lost her phone; v nepriamej reči má otázka priamy slovosled a nemá did, veď sa nepýtaš, ale oznamuješ, na čo sa pýtali; He told me not to touch it — not to + sloveso.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

Čas bez posunu

✗ She said she will call me → ✓ She said she would call me; ✗ He asked if I am coming → ✓ He asked if I was coming. Po slovensky sa čas v nepriamej reči nemení — „povedala, že zavolá“, „spýtal sa, či prídem“ —, a tak zostane will aj am. Keď prerozprávaš rozhovor, ktorý už prebehol, čas ustúpi o krok späť.

2

Opytovací slovosled

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. Slovenská nepriama otázka má ten istý slovosled ako priama — „Kde bývaš?“, „spýtal sa, kde bývam“ —, a nič sa neprehadzuje. Angličtina rozlišuje: otázku kladieš — opytovací slovosled, o otázke informuješ — priamy.

3

don't v odovzdanej prosbe

✗ She told me don't be late → ✓ She told me not to be late. ✗ He asked me close the door → ✓ He asked me to close the door. Po slovensky nasleduje veta s „aby“ alebo „nech“ („povedala mi, nech nemeškám“) alebo holý neurčitok („poprosil ma zavrieť dvere“), a do angličtiny sa prenesie rozkaz alebo holé sloveso. Po told me a asked me treba to, zápor — not to.

4

said me a told bez adresáta

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… alebo He said to me that…. Slovenské „povedal (mi)“ spája obe anglické slovesá v jednom. say hovorí, čo zaznelo, tell — komu.

5

Čiarka pred that a if

✗ He said, that he was tired

✗ She asked me, if I wanted a coffee

✓ He said that he was tired

She asked me if I wanted a coffee. Po slovensky sa pred „že“, „či“, „kde“ čiarka píše vždy, po anglicky nie.

Výslovnosť

3 min

V nepriamej otázke je intonácia klesavá:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

Je to oznámenie o otázke, nie samotná otázka. Stúpnutie hlasu na konci by z vety znova urobilo otázku — častá chyba pri počúvaní: veta je postavená správne, ale znie ako otázka.

said a says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — s krátkym /e/, nie /eɪ/ ako v say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — jedna slabika: /sk/ a /t/ znejú za sebou, bez samohlásky medzi nimi.

that v nepriamej reči je neprízvučné: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, takmer nebadane.

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Text

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

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Cvičenia

30 min

1. Prepíš do nepriamej reči.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Zobraziť odpovede
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Prepíš otázky do nepriamej reči.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Zobraziť odpovede
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Prepíš prosby a pokyny do nepriamej reči.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Zobraziť odpovede
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Zobraziť odpovede
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Doplň said, told, asked, if alebo to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Zobraziť odpovede
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Povedal, že je unavený. 2) Spýtala sa, kde pracujem. 3) Spýtal sa, či prídem. 4) Lekár mi povedal, aby som týždeň nepracoval. 5) Povedali, že už jedli.

Zobraziť odpovede
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Prerozprávaj rozhovor.

Spomeň si na nedávny telefonát alebo rozhovor v obchode. Prerozprávaj ho piatimi vetami: čo ti povedali, na čo sa ťa pýtali, o čo ťa požiadali.

Vzor: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: posun všetkých známych časov a modálnych slovies, kedy posun netreba, Past Simple s posunom a bez neho, slová o mieste a čase, nepriamu otázku — priamy slovosled, if a whether, odovzdanie prosby a pokynu — asked me to, told me not to. Ďalej — lekcia 16: cudzia rada.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 88

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

14 slov
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ recepčná, recepčný
  • whether /ˈweðə/ či
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ deň predtým
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ na druhý deň
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ nasledujúci týždeň (v nepriamej reči)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ objednávka; objednať
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ balík
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ sklad
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ chýbajúci, stratený
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ bankový prevod
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ nechať čakať na linke
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ číslo na sledovanie zásielky
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ nechať odkaz
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ na ceste

Písanie

Šesť viet — prerozprávanie telefonického rozhovoru alebo korešpondencie: čo povedali tebe, čo si povedal(a) ty, na čo sa ťa pýtali a o čo ťa požiadali.

Vzor

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

Kontrolný zoznam

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