Tatabahasa ~54 min daripada teras tinggal

Menyampaikan kata-kata orang lain dengan tepat

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh menyampaikan dengan tepat kata-kata, soalan dan permintaan orang lain.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 54 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

16 min

Di A2 #29 anda belajar mengenali cakap pindah: He said he was tired — dan memahami bahawa was di sini tidak bermaksud masa lampau. Sekarang anda perlu membinanya sendiri, dan bukan sahaja ayat penyata, tetapi juga soalan dan permintaan. Ada tiga pola, tetapi logiknya satu: anda bercakap daripada pihak anda sendiri tentang perbualan yang sudah berlalu.

Ayat penyata: anjakan kala. Ia diperkenalkan dengan said (apa yang dikatakan) atau told + orang (kepada siapa dikatakan) — pasangan ini anda kenali dari A2 #29. Jika kata kerja pengenalan dalam masa lampau, kala dalam cakap pindah berundur satu langkah ke belakang. Bahasa Melayu tidak mempunyai kala, tetapi bahasa Inggeris menyelaraskan kala klausa kecil dengan klausa utama: kata-kata itu diucapkan “ketika itu”, dan segala yang ada di dalamnya juga dilihat dari “ketika itu”. Ini logik yang sama seperti Past Perfect dalam B1 #1: peristiwa disusun dari titik cerita.

cakap ajuk cakap pindah
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should dan might tidak beranjak: tiada tempat lagi untuk berundur. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Bila anjakan tidak wajib. Jika kata kerja pengenalan dalam kala kini, tiada anjakan: She says she's tired — begini disampaikan apa yang baru sahaja dikatakan. Jika apa yang dikatakan itu masih benar sekarang, kala boleh dikekalkan: He said he lives in Leeds — dan dia masih tinggal di sana. Bentuk yang dianjak, lived, dalam kes ini juga betul.

Past Simple: anjakan ialah peraturan asas, tanpa anjakan pun betul. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — begitulah mengikut peraturan, dan itulah yang paling selamat dalam tulisan. Tetapi Past Simple dalam cakap pindah sering dibiarkan seperti asalnya: He said he lost his keys. Ini bukan kesilapan: urutan peristiwa sudah jelas — mula-mula hilang, kemudian berkata — dan Past Perfect tidak menambah apa-apa. Lebih-lebih lagi apabila masanya disebut: She said she arrived on Monday. Dalam latihan kursus ini kedua-dua pilihan diterima; jika ragu-ragu, anjakkan.

Kata ganti nama, tempat dan masa. Sekarang yang bercakap ialah orang lain, jadi I menjadi he atau she, dan my — his atau her. Jika cakap pindah diucapkan pada hari lain atau di tempat lain, perkataan masa dan tempat juga berubah:

dalam cakap ajuk dalam cakap pindah
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Pada hari yang sama perkataan ini tidak perlu diubah: She said she'd call me tomorrow — jika esok belum tiba.

Soalan: susunan biasa dan if. Dalam cakap pindah soalan tidak lagi menjadi soalan: anda tidak bertanya, tetapi memaklumkan tentang soalan itu. Oleh itu susunannya seperti ayat penyata biasa — mula-mula subjek, kemudian kata kerja, — do, does, did hilang, dan tiada tanda soal. Ia diperkenalkan dengan asked atau wanted to know.

soalan langsung cakap pindah
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Soalan dengan kata tanya where, what, why mengekalkan kata itu. Soalan tanpa kata tanya — soalan ya atau tidak — mendapat if atau whether, iaitu “sama ada” dalam bahasa Inggeris.

Permintaan dan arahan: to + kata kerja. Permintaan diperkenalkan dengan asked, arahan atau perintah — dengan told, dan selepasnya datang orang dan to + kata kerja. Bentuk nafi — not to.

cakap ajuk cakap pindah
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? dari segi bentuk ialah soalan, tetapi dari segi makna permintaan, jadi ia disampaikan dengan asked me to.

Bandingkan asked me to dan asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Dia meminta: “Telefonlah Anna.”
He asked me if I had called Anna. Dia bertanya: “Awak sudah telefon Anna?”

Selepas to datang permintaan, selepas if — soalan.

Jangan sebut begini. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Cakap pindah bagi soalan ialah ayat penyata, dan di hujungnya ada noktah.

Uji diri anda. Bagaimana hendak menyampaikan kata-kata Anna "I've lost my phone"? Mengapa She asked where I lived, bukan where did I live? Bagaimana hendak menyampaikan "Don't touch it!"?

tunjukkan jawapan
Anna said she had lost her phone; dalam cakap pindah soalan mempunyai susunan biasa dan tiada did, kerana anda tidak bertanya, tetapi memaklumkan tentang soalan itu; He told me not to touch it — not to + kata kerja.
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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

Susunan soalan dalam cakap pindah

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. Dalam bahasa Melayu soalan tidak mengubah susunan perkataan, jadi susunan soalan Inggeris yang baru dipelajari dengan susah payah dibawa ke mana-mana. Tetapi dalam cakap pindah soalan itu dilaporkan, bukan ditanya, dan susunannya biasa.

2

Soalan ya/tidak tanpa if

✗ She asked me do I want a coffee

✗ She asked me I want a coffee or not

✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee

“Dia tanya saya nak kopi atau tidak” — “atau tidak” dibawa terus ke dalam ayat Inggeris. Dalam bahasa Inggeris soalan ini perlu if atau whether — “sama ada” — di hadapan.

3

don't dan to yang hilang dalam permintaan

✗ She told me don't worry → ✓ She told me not to worry; ✗ He asked me close the door → ✓ He asked me to close the door. “Dia suruh saya jangan risau”, “dia minta saya tutup pintu” — “jangan” menjadi don't, dan to tiada padanannya. Selepas told me dan asked me diperlukan to, dan bentuk nafinya — not to.

4

said me dan told tanpa orang

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… atau He said to me that…. “Dia memberitahu bahawa…” boleh tanpa orang, tetapi told sentiasa memerlukan orang, manakala said tidak diikuti terus oleh orang.

Sebutan

3 min

Dalam cakap pindah bagi soalan intonasinya menurun:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

Ini ayat penyata tentang soalan, bukan soalan itu sendiri. Suara yang naik di hujung akan menjadikan ayat itu soalan semula — kesilapan yang kerap semasa bertutur: ayatnya dibina dengan betul, tetapi kedengaran seperti soalan.

said dan says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — dengan /e/ yang pendek, bukan /eɪ/ seperti dalam say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — satu suku kata: /sk/ dan /t/ berbunyi berturut-turut, tanpa vokal di antaranya.

that dalam cakap pindah tanpa tekanan: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, hampir tidak kedengaran.

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Teks

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Latihan

30 min

1. Tulis semula dalam cakap pindah.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Tunjukkan jawapan
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Tulis semula soalan dalam cakap pindah.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Tunjukkan jawapan
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Tulis semula permintaan dan arahan dalam cakap pindah.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Tunjukkan jawapan
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Tunjukkan jawapan
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Isikan said, told, asked, if atau to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Tunjukkan jawapan
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.

1) Dia (lelaki) berkata bahawa dia penat. 2) Dia (perempuan) bertanya di mana saya bekerja. 3) Dia (lelaki) bertanya sama ada saya akan datang. 4) Doktor menyuruh saya tidak bekerja selama seminggu. 5) Mereka berkata bahawa mereka sudah makan.

Tunjukkan jawapan
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Ceritakan semula sebuah perbualan.

Ingat panggilan telefon atau perbualan di kedai baru-baru ini. Ceritakan semula dalam lima ayat: apa yang dikatakan kepada anda, apa yang ditanya, apa yang diminta.

Contoh: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari: anjakan semua kala dan kata kerja modal yang diketahui, bila anjakan tidak diperlukan, Past Simple dengan dan tanpa anjakan, perkataan tempat dan masa, cakap pindah bagi soalan — susunan biasa, if dan whether, cakap pindah bagi permintaan dan arahan — asked me to, told me not to. Seterusnya — pelajaran 16: nasihat orang lain.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 88

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

14 perkataan
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ penyambut tetamu
  • whether /ˈweðə/ sama ada
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ sehari sebelumnya
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ keesokan harinya
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ minggu berikutnya (dalam cakap pindah)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ pesanan
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ bungkusan
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ gudang
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ yang hilang
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ pindahan wang melalui bank
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ meminta menunggu di talian
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ nombor penjejakan
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ meninggalkan pesanan
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ dalam perjalanan

Penulisan

Enam ayat — cerita semula sebuah perbualan telefon atau surat-menyurat: apa yang dikatakan kepada anda, apa yang anda katakan, apa yang ditanya kepada anda dan apa yang diminta.

Contoh

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

Senarai semak

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