Málfræði ~54 mín af kjarna eftir

Að endursegja orð annarra nákvæmlega

Eftir þessa kennslustund geturðu

Ég get endursagt nákvæmlega orð annarra, spurningu og beiðni.

Hefja kennslustund Kjarni 54 mín · skref: 6 · valfrjálst: +2

Tilkynntur kjarnatími. Tvö kjarnaþáttanna bera enga tölu, svo raunveruleg kennslustund er lengri en þessi summa.

Málfræði

16 mín.

Í lexíu A2 #29 lærðir þú að þekkja endursögn: He said he was tired — og að skilja að was merkir hér ekki fortíð. Nú þarftu að mynda endursögnina sjálf(ur), og ekki aðeins staðhæfingu, heldur líka spurningu og beiðni. Mynstrin eru þrjú, en rökin eitt: þú talar fyrir eigin hönd um samtal sem er þegar liðið.

Staðhæfing: tilfærsla tíða. Hana kynna said (hvað var sagt) eða told + hverjum (við hvern var sagt) — þetta par þekkirðu úr lexíu A2 #29. Ef inngangssögnin er í þátíð færist tíð endursagnarinnar eitt skref aftur. Enskan lagar tíð aukasetningarinnar að aðalsetningunni: orðin féllu „þá“, og allt sem er inni í þeim horfir líka frá „þá“. Íslenskan gerir svipað, en með viðtengingarhætti þátíðar: „hann sagði að hann væri þreyttur“, „hún sagði að hún hefði lokið við það“; enskan notar venjulegar þátíðarmyndir. Þetta eru sömu rök og hjá Past Perfect í lexíu B1 #1: atburðunum er raðað frá sjónarhóli frásagnarinnar.

bein ræða endursögn
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should og might færast ekki til: lengra aftur komast þær ekki. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Hvenær tilfærsla er ekki nauðsynleg. Ef inngangssögnin er í nútíð er engin tilfærsla: She says she's tired — svona er endursagt það sem var sagt rétt í þessu. Ef það sem var sagt er líka satt núna, má halda tíðinni: He said he lives in Leeds — og hann býr þar enn. Tilfærða lived er í þessu tilviki líka rétt.

Past Simple: tilfærsla er aðalreglan, án tilfærslu er líka rétt. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — svona samkvæmt reglunni, og það er öruggast í rituðu máli. En Past Simple er oft látið standa óbreytt í endursögn: He said he lost his keys. Það er ekki villa: röð atburðanna er hvort sem er ljós — fyrst týndi hann, svo sagði hann frá — og Past Perfect bætir engu við. Sérstaklega oft er þetta sagt þegar tíminn er nefndur: She said she arrived on Monday. Í æfingum námskeiðsins eru báðar útgáfur teknar gildar; ef þú ert í vafa, færðu tíðina til.

Fornöfn, staður og tími. Nú talar önnur manneskja, þess vegna verður I að he eða she, og my — að his eða her. Ef endursögnin er sögð annan dag eða á öðrum stað breytast líka orð um tíma og stað:

í beinni ræðu í endursögn
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Sama dag þarf ekki að breyta þeim: She said she'd call me tomorrow — ef morgundagurinn er ekki kominn.

Spurning: bein orðaröð og if. Í endursögn hættir spurningin að vera spurning: þú spyrð hennar ekki, heldur segir frá henni. Þess vegna hefur hún orðaröð venjulegrar staðhæfingar — fyrst frumlag, svo sögn, — do, does, did hverfa, og spurningarmerkið er ekki sett. Hana kynna asked eða wanted to know.

bein spurning endursögn
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Spurning með orðinu where, what, why heldur því orði. Spurning án slíks orðs — sem svarað er með „já“ eða „nei“ — fær if eða whether, þetta er íslenska „hvort“.

Beiðni og fyrirmæli: to + sögn. Beiðni kynnir asked, fyrirmæli eða skipun — told, og á eftir þeim kemur manneskjan og to + sögn. Neitun — not to.

bein ræða endursögn
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? er spurning að formi til, en beiðni að merkingu, þess vegna er hún endursögð með asked me to.

Berðu saman asked me to og asked me if. Íslenskan hefur hér tvær sagnir, „biðja“ og „spyrja“; enska asked nær yfir báðar, og það sem kemur á eftir greinir á milli:

He asked me to call Anna. Bað: „Hringdu í Önnu.“
He asked me if I had called Anna. Spurði: „Hringdirðu í Önnu?“

Á eftir to kemur beiðni, á eftir if — spurning.

Svona er ekki sagt. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Endursögn spurningar er staðhæfing, og í lok hennar kemur punktur.

Prófaðu kunnáttuna. Hvernig endursegirðu orð Önnu "I've lost my phone"? Hvers vegna She asked where I lived, en ekki where did I live? Hvernig segirðu frá "Don't touch it!"?

sýna svörin
Anna said she had lost her phone; í endursögn hefur spurningin beina orðaröð og ekkert did, því að þú spyrð ekki, heldur segir frá spurningu; He told me not to touch it — not to + sögn.
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Villur íslenskumælandi nemenda

skrifað fyrir þitt tungumál
1

said me og told án manneskju

✗ He said me that he was busy

✗ He told that he was busy

✓ He told me that he was busy

He said that he was busy eða He said to me that he was busy (lexía A2 #29). Íslenska „segja“ nær yfir bæði og tekur manneskjuna í þágufalli án forsetningar: „hann sagði mér“. Enskan skiptir: say segir hvað heyrðist, tell — við hvern.

2

„Sagði mér að gera“

„Hann sagði mér að loka hurðinni“ → ✗ He said me to close the door → ✓ He told me to close the door. Á íslensku eru fyrirmæli líka endursögð með „segja“, en á ensku koma þau með told + manneskja + to. Ef þetta var beiðni — „hann bað mig að loka“ — þá He asked me to close the door.

Framburður

3 mín.

Í endursögn spurningar er tónfallið fallandi:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

Þetta er staðhæfing um spurningu, ekki spurningin sjálf. Ef röddin hækkaði í lokin yrði setningin aftur að spurningu — algeng villa á heyrn: setningin er rétt mynduð, en hljómar eins og spurning.

said og says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — með stuttu /e/, ekki /eɪ/ eins og í say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — eitt atkvæði: /sk/ og /t/ hljóma hvort á eftir öðru, án sérhljóðs á milli.

that í endursögn er áherslulaust: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, nánast ógreinanlegt.

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Texti

5 mín.

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Upplesin

Æfingar

30 mín.

1. Umorðaðu í óbeinni ræðu.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Sýna svörin
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Umorðaðu spurningarnar í óbeinni ræðu.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Sýna svörin
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Umorðaðu beiðnir og fyrirmæli í óbeinni ræðu.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Sýna svörin
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Villuleit.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He said me to close the door.
Sýna svörin
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He told me to close the door / He asked me to close the door

5. Settu inn said, told, asked, if eða to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Sýna svörin
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Þýddu á ensku.

1) Hann sagði að hann væri þreyttur. 2) Hún spurði hvar ég ynni. 3) Hann spurði hvort ég kæmi. 4) Læknirinn sagði mér að vinna ekki í viku. 5) Þau sögðu að þau væru þegar búin að borða.

Sýna svörin
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Endursegðu samtal.

Rifjaðu upp nýlegt símtal eða samtal í búð. Endursegðu það í fimm setningum: hvað var sagt við þig, um hvað þú varst spurð(ur), um hvað þú varst beðin(n).

Fyrirmynd: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

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Samantekt

Farið yfir: tilfærsla allra þekktra tíða og háttarsagna, hvenær tilfærsla er óþörf, Past Simple með tilfærslu og án, orð um stað og tíma, endursögn spurningar — bein orðaröð, if og whether, endursögn beiðni og fyrirmæla — asked me to, told me not to. Næst — lexía 16: ráð annarra.

Endir kjarna

Kennslustund telst lokið þegar æfingum er lokið. Allt eftir þetta er valfrjálst.

Kennslustund 88

valfrjálst

Orðaforði í spjaldastokkinn

14 orð
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ starfsmaður í móttöku
  • whether /ˈweðə/ hvort
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ daginn áður
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ daginn eftir
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ vikuna á eftir (í endursögn)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ pöntun
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ pakki, böggull
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ vöruhús, lager
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ týndur, sem vantar
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ millifærsla
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ setja á bið (í síma)
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ rakningarnúmer
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ skilja eftir skilaboð
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ á leiðinni

Ritun

Sex setningar — endursögn símtals eða bréfaskipta: hvað var sagt við þig, hvað þú sagðir, um hvað þú varst spurð(ur) og um hvað þú varst beðin(n).

Fyrirmynd

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

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