Gramatika ~54 min ng core ang natitira

Iulat nang eksakto ang sinabi ng iba

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong iulat nang eksakto ang sinabi, tanong at hiling ng ibang tao.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 54 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

16 min

Sa A2 #29, natutuhan ninyong makilala ang pag-uulat: He said he was tired — at maintindihan na hindi pangnagdaan ang ibig sabihin ng was dito. Ngayon, kayo na mismo ang bubuo ng pag-uulat — at hindi lang ng paturol, kundi pati ng tanong at hiling. Tatlo ang padron, pero iisa ang lohika: nagsasalita kayo mula sa inyong sarili tungkol sa usapang tapos na.

Paturol: pag-atras ng panahunan. Ipinapakilala ito ng said (ano ang sinabi) o ng told + sino (kanino sinabi) — kilala ninyo ang pares na ito mula sa A2 #29. Kung nasa pangnagdaan ang pandiwang nagpapakilala, umaatras nang isang hakbang ang panahunan ng iniuulat. Iniaangkop ng Ingles ang panahunan ng sugnay sa pangunahing pangungusap: “noon” binigkas ang mga salita, kaya lahat ng nasa loob ay tumitingin mula sa “noon”. Sa Tagalog, “daw” lang ang nagpapakitang inuulat ito, at hindi nagbabago ang pandiwa; sa Ingles, ang pandiwa mismo ang nagbabago. Ito rin ang lohika ng Past Perfect sa B1 #1: nakaayos ang mga pangyayari mula sa punto ng pagkukuwento.

tuwirang pahayag di-tuwirang pahayag
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Hindi umaatras ang Past Perfect, would, could, should at might: wala na silang mauurungan. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Kailan hindi kailangang umatras. Kung nasa kasalukuyan ang pandiwang nagpapakilala, walang pag-atras: She says she's tired — ganito iniuulat ang kasasabi lang. Kung totoo pa rin ngayon ang sinabi, puwedeng iwan ang panahunan: He said he lives in Leeds — at doon pa rin siya nakatira. Tama rin sa kasong ito ang inatras na lived.

Past Simple: pangunahing tuntunin ang pag-atras, pero tama rin nang walang pag-atras. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — ito ang tuntunin, at ito ang pinakaligtas sa pagsulat. Pero madalas iniiwan ang Past Simple sa pag-uulat: He said he lost his keys. Hindi ito mali: malinaw na ang pagkakasunod ng mga pangyayari — una nawala, saka sinabi — at walang naidaragdag ang Past Perfect. Lalo itong madalas kapag binanggit ang oras: She said she arrived on Monday. Sa mga pagsasanay ng kurso, tinatanggap ang dalawang bersiyon; kung nag-aalinlangan kayo, iatras.

Mga panghalip, lugar at oras. Iba na ang nagsasalita, kaya nagiging he o she ang I, at his o her ang my. Kung iniuulat ito sa ibang araw o sa ibang lugar, nagbabago rin ang mga salita ng oras at lugar:

sa tuwirang pahayag sa pag-uulat
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Sa parehong araw, hindi kailangang baguhin ang mga ito: She said she'd call me tomorrow — kung hindi pa dumarating ang bukas na iyon.

Tanong: ayos ng paturol at if. Sa pag-uulat, hindi na tanong ang tanong: hindi ninyo ito itinatanong, kundi ibinabalita. Kaya ayos ng karaniwang paturol ang mayroon ito — una ang simuno, saka ang pandiwa — nawawala ang do, does, did, at walang tandang pananong. Ipinapakilala ito ng asked o wanted to know.

tuwirang tanong pag-uulat
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Pinananatili ng tanong na may where, what, why ang salitang iyon. Ang tanong na walang ganitong salita — na oo o hindi ang sagot — ay nagkakaroon ng if o whether: ito ang “kung” sa “Tinanong niya kung darating ako”.

Hiling at utos: to + pandiwa. Ang hiling ay ipinapakilala ng asked, ang tagubilin o utos — ng told, at kasunod nila ang tao at to + pandiwa. Negatibo — not to.

tuwirang pahayag pag-uulat
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Tanong ang anyo ng Could you…?, pero hiling ang kahulugan, kaya iniuulat ito gamit ang asked me to.

Paghambingin ang asked me to at asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Hiniling niya: “Tawagan mo si Anna.”
He asked me if I had called Anna. Tinanong niya: “Tinawagan mo ba si Anna?”

Hiling ang kasunod ng to, tanong ang kasunod ng if.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Paturol ang pag-uulat ng tanong, kaya tuldok ang nasa dulo nito.

Subukin ang sarili. Paano iuulat ang sinabi ni Anna na "I've lost my phone"? Bakit She asked where I lived, at hindi where did I live? Paano iuulat ang "Don't touch it!"?

ipakita ang mga sagot
Anna said she had lost her phone; sa pag-uulat, ayos ng paturol ang tanong at walang did, dahil hindi kayo nagtatanong kundi nagbabalita tungkol sa tanong; He told me not to touch it — not to + pandiwa.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

Ayos ng tanong sa pag-uulat

✗ He asked where did I live, ✗ She asked what time was it → ✓ He asked where I lived, She asked what time it was. Sa Tagalog, iisa ang ayos ng tanong at ng iniuulat na tanong: “Saan ka nakatira?” — “Tinanong niya kung saan ako nakatira”. Kaya parang sapat nang isingit ang tanong sa pangungusap. Pero sa Ingles, ayos ng paturol ang iniuulat na tanong: walang did, at nauuna ang simuno. Ganito rin sa tanong na oo o hindi: ✗ She asked me do I want a coffee → ✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee — ang “kung” ay if.

2

he at she sa pag-uulat

✗ Anna said that he had lost his phone

✓ Anna said that she had lost her phone

Iisa ang “siya” at “niya” para sa lalaki at babae, kaya madaling mapagpalit ang he at she, his at her. Kapag ginagawang he o she ang I ng nagsalita, tingnan kung sino siya.

3

don't sa pag-uulat ng hiling

✗ She told me don't be late → ✓ She told me not to be late. ✗ He asked me close the door → ✓ He asked me to close the door. Sa “Sinabi niyang huwag akong mahuli”, nananatili ang “huwag”, kaya don't ang isinusulat; sa “Hiniling niyang isara ko ang pinto”, walang salitang katumbas ng to. Pero sa Ingles, kailangan ang to pagkatapos ng told me at asked me, at not to ang negatibo.

4

told nang walang tao o may to

✗ He told that he was busy

✗ He told to me that he was busy

✓ He told me that he was busy

o He said that he was busy. Iisa ang “sinabi” sa “Sinabi niyang abala siya” at sa “Sinabi niya sa akin”, at isinasalin ang “sa akin” bilang to me. Pero kasunod agad ng tell ang tao, nang walang to; ang say — walang tao, o may to: said to me.

Pagbigkas

3 min

Pababa ang tono sa pag-uulat ng tanong:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

Paturol ito tungkol sa tanong, hindi ang tanong mismo. Kapag tumaas ang boses sa dulo, magiging tanong ulit ang pangungusap — madalas na mali sa pakikinig: tama ang pagkakabuo, pero tunog-tanong.

said at says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — maikling /e/, hindi /eɪ/ gaya ng sa say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — iisang pantig: magkasunod ang /sk/ at /t/, walang patinig sa pagitan.

Walang diin ang that sa pag-uulat: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, halos hindi marinig.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Isulat muli bilang di-tuwirang pahayag.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Isulat muli ang mga tanong bilang di-tuwirang pahayag.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Isulat muli ang mga hiling at utos bilang di-tuwirang pahayag.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Ilagay ang said, told, asked, if o to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Ipakita ang mga sagot
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Sinabi niyang pagod siya. (lalaki) 2) Tinanong niya kung saan ako nagtatrabaho. (babae) 3) Tinanong niya kung darating ako. (lalaki) 4) Sinabihan ako ng doktor na huwag magtrabaho nang isang linggo. 5) Sinabi nilang kumain na sila.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Iulat ang isang usapan.

Alalahanin ang isang tawag sa telepono kamakailan o isang usapan sa tindahan. Iulat ito sa limang pangungusap: ano ang sinabi sa inyo, ano ang itinanong, ano ang hiniling.

Halimbawa: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: ang pag-atras ng lahat ng kilalang panahunan at pandiwang modal, kailan hindi kailangan ang pag-atras, Past Simple na may pag-atras at wala, mga salita ng lugar at oras, pag-uulat ng tanong — ayos ng paturol, if at whether, pag-uulat ng hiling at utos — asked me to, told me not to. Susunod — aralin 16: payo ng iba.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 88

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

14 salita
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ receptionist
  • whether /ˈweðə/ kung (… ba)
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ noong araw bago iyon
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ kinabukasan
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ nang sumunod na linggo (sa pag-uulat)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ order; umorder
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ pakete, parcel
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ bodega
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ nawawala
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ bank transfer, paglilipat ng pera sa bangko
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ pahintayin sa linya
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ tracking number
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ mag-iwan ng mensahe
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ papunta na, nasa daan na

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap — pag-uulat ng isang tawag sa telepono o ng palitan ng mensahe: ano ang sinabi sa inyo, ano ang sinabi ninyo, ano ang itinanong sa inyo at ano ang hiniling.

Halimbawa

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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