Gramatika ~54 min no pamata palicis

Precīzi pārstāstīt citu vārdus

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu precīzi pārstāstīt cita cilvēka teikto, jautājumu un lūgumu.

Sākt mācību Kodols 54 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

16 min

A2 #29 jūs iemācījāties atpazīt pārstāstu: He said he was tired — un saprast, ka was šeit nenozīmē pagātni. Tagad pārstāsts jāveido pašam, un ne tikai apgalvojums, bet arī jautājums un lūgums. Shēmas ir trīs, bet loģika viena: jūs no sevis runājat par sarunu, kas jau notikusi.

Apgalvojums: laiku pārbīde. To ievada said (ko teica) vai told + kam (kam teica) — šo pāri jūs zināt no A2 #29. Ja ievadošais darbības vārds ir pagātnē, pārstāsta laiks atkāpjas soli atpakaļ. Angļu valoda saskaņo palīgteikuma laiku ar galvenā teikuma laiku: vārdi izskanēja „toreiz”, un viss, kas ir iekšā, arī skatās no „toreiz”. Tā ir tā pati loģika, kas Past Perfect B1 #1: notikumi sakārtojas no stāstījuma punkta.

tiešā runa pārstāsts
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should un might nepārbīdās: tālāk atpakaļ tiem nav kur iet. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Kad pārbīdīt nav obligāti. Ja ievadošais darbības vārds ir tagadnē, pārbīdes nav: She says she's tired — tā pārstāsta to, kas tikko pateikts. Ja teiktais ir patiess arī tagad, laiku var atstāt: He said he lives in Leeds — un dzīvo tur joprojām. Pārbīdītais lived šajā gadījumā arī ir pareizs.

Past Simple: pārbīde ir pamatlikums, bez pārbīdes — arī pareizi. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — tā ir pēc likuma, un rakstos tas ir visdrošāk. Bet Past Simple pārstāstā bieži atstāj, kā ir: He said he lost his keys. Tā nav kļūda: notikumu secība jau tā ir skaidra — vispirms pazaudēja, tad pateica —, un Past Perfect neko nepievieno. Īpaši bieži tā saka, kad laiks ir nosaukts: She said she arrived on Monday. Kursa vingrinājumos pieņem abus variantus; ja šaubāties, pārbīdiet.

Vietniekvārdi, vieta un laiks. Tagad runā cits cilvēks, tāpēc I pārvēršas par he vai she, bet my — par his vai her. Ja pārstāsts izskan citā dienā vai citā vietā, mainās arī laika un vietas vārdi:

tiešajā runā pārstāstā
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Tajā pašā dienā tos mainīt nevajag: She said she'd call me tomorrow — ja rītdiena vēl nav pienākusi.

Jautājums: tiešā vārdu secība un if. Pārstāstā jautājums vairs nav jautājums: jūs to neuzdodat, bet ziņojat par to. Tāpēc tam ir parasta apgalvojuma secība — vispirms teikuma priekšmets, tad darbības vārds —, do, does, did pazūd, un jautājuma zīmes nav. To ievada asked vai wanted to know.

tiešs jautājums pārstāsts
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Jautājums ar where, what, why šo vārdu saglabā. Jautājums bez šāda vārda — uz „jā” vai „nē” — saņem if vai whether: tas ir latviešu „vai” teikumā „jautāja, vai es nākšu”.

Lūgums un norādījums: to + darbības vārds. Lūgumu ievada asked, norādījumu vai pavēli — told, un aiz tiem stāv cilvēks un to + darbības vārds. Noliegums — not to.

tiešā runa pārstāsts
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? pēc formas ir jautājums, bet pēc nozīmes lūgums, tāpēc to pārstāsta ar asked me to.

Salīdziniet asked me to un asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Palūdza: „Piezvani Annai.”
He asked me if I had called Anna. Pajautāja: „Vai tu zvanīji Annai?”

Pēc to nāk lūgums, pēc if — jautājums.

Tā nesaka. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Jautājuma pārstāsts ir apgalvojums, un tā beigās ir punkts.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Kā pārstāstīt Annas vārdus "I've lost my phone"? Kāpēc She asked where I lived, nevis where did I live? Kā pārstāstīt "Don't touch it!"?

rādīt atbildes
Anna said she had lost her phone; pārstāstā jautājumam ir tiešā vārdu secība un nav did, jo jūs nejautājat, bet ziņojat par jautājumu; He told me not to touch it — not to + darbības vārds.
Reklāma

Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

Jautājuma vārdu secība pārstāstā

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. Latviski tiešais un pārstāstītais jautājums veidojas vienādi („Kur tu dzīvo?” — „jautāja, kur es dzīvoju”), tāpēc angļu atšķirība nav jūtama. Bet angliski: jautājumu uzdod — secība jautājuma, par jautājumu ziņo — tiešā.

2

„Vai” kļūst par do

✗ She asked me do I want a coffee

✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee

Latviešu „vai” stāv gan jautājumā („Vai tu gribi kafiju?”), gan pārstāstā („jautāja, vai es gribu kafiju”). Tiešajā jautājumā angliski to dara do, un roka to pārnes arī uz pārstāstu. Bet pārstāsta „vai” ir if vai whether.

3

Lūgums bez to

✗ She told me don't be late → ✓ She told me not to be late. ✗ He asked me close the door → ✓ He asked me to close the door. Latviski „lika nekavēt”, „palūdza aizvērt durvis” — vienkārši nenoteiksme, un noliegums tai pielipis kā „ne-”. Angliski pēc told me un asked me vajag to, bet noliegums ir not to.

4

Laiks paliek runātāja

Latviski pārstāstā laiks nemainās: „teica, ka ir noguris”, „jautāja, vai es nākšu”; pārstāstu dažkārt iezīmē atstāstījuma izteiksme („teica, ka esot noguris”), bet ne laiks. Tāpēc roka raksta He said he is tired, She asked if I will come. Angliski pēc said un asked laiks parasti pārbīdās: He said he was tired, She asked if I would come.

5

said me un told bez cilvēka

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… vai He said to me that…. Latviešu „viņš man teica” — datīvs bez prievārda, bet „teica, ka…” iztiek bez cilvēka. Angliski say cilvēku pievieno tikai ar to, bet pēc tell tas ir obligāts.

Izruna

3 min

Jautājuma pārstāstā intonācija ir krītoša:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

Tas ir apgalvojums par jautājumu, nevis pats jautājums. Balss pacelšana beigās pārvērstu frāzi atpakaļ par jautājumu — bieža kļūda pēc dzirdes: teikums uzbūvēts pareizi, bet skan kā jautājums.

said un says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — ar īso /e/, nevis /eɪ/, kā say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — viena zilbe: /sk/ un /t/ skan pēc kārtas, bez patskaņa starp tiem.

that pārstāstā ir neuzsvērts: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, gandrīz nemanāmi.

Reklāma

Teksts

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

30 min

1. Pārrakstiet netiešajā runā.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Rādīt atbildes
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Pārrakstiet jautājumus netiešajā runā.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Rādīt atbildes
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Pārrakstiet lūgumus un norādījumus netiešajā runā.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Rādīt atbildes
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Rādīt atbildes
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Ievietojiet said, told, asked, if vai to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Rādīt atbildes
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Viņš teica, ka ir noguris. 2) Viņa jautāja, kur es strādāju. 3) Viņš jautāja, vai es nākšu. 4) Ārsts lika man nedēļu nestrādāt. 5) Viņi teica, ka jau ir paēduši.

Rādīt atbildes
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Pārstāstiet sarunu.

Atcerieties nesenu telefona zvanu vai sarunu veikalā. Pārstāstiet to piecos teikumos: ko jums teica, ko jums jautāja, ko lūdza.

Paraugs: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

Reklāma

Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: visu zināmo laiku un modālo darbības vārdu pārbīde, kad pārbīde nav vajadzīga, Past Simple ar pārbīdi un bez tās, vietas un laika vārdi, jautājuma pārstāsts — tiešā vārdu secība, if un whether, lūguma un norādījuma pārstāsts — asked me to, told me not to. Tālāk — 16. nodarbība: cita cilvēka padoms.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 88

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

14 vārdi
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ administrators
  • whether /ˈweðə/ vai (netiešā jautājumā)
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ iepriekšējā dienā
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ nākamajā dienā
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ nākamajā nedēļā (pārstāstā)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ pasūtījums
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ sūtījums, paka
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ noliktava
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ pazudis
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ bankas pārskaitījums
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ palūgt pagaidīt uz līnijas
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ izsekošanas numurs
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ atstāt ziņu
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ ceļā

Rakstīšana

Seši teikumi — telefona sarunas vai sarakstes pārstāsts: ko teica jums, ko teicāt jūs, ko jums jautāja un ko lūdza.

Paraugs

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

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