Gramàtica ~54 min del nucli restant

Transmetre amb precisió el que ha dit un altre

Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé transmetre amb precisió les paraules, les preguntes i les peticions d'una altra persona.

Comença la lliçó Nucli 54 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

16 min

A l'A2 #29 vas aprendre a reconèixer l'estil indirecte: He said he was tired, i a entendre que aquí was no vol dir passat. Ara l'has de construir tu, i no només l'afirmació, sinó també la pregunta i la petició. Hi ha tres esquemes, però una sola lògica: parles tu d'una conversa que ja s'ha acabat.

L'afirmació: el canvi de temps. S'introdueix amb said (què va dir) o amb told + la persona (a qui ho va dir): aquesta parella ja la coneixes de l'A2 #29. Si el verb que introdueix les paraules és en passat, el temps de l'estil indirecte fa un pas enrere. L'anglès fa concordar el temps de la subordinada amb el de la principal: les paraules es van dir «aleshores», i tot el que hi ha a dins també es mira des d'«aleshores». És la mateixa lògica del Past Perfect de la B1 #1: els fets s'ordenen a partir del moment del relat. El català fa gairebé el mateix: «estic cansat» → «va dir que estava cansat».

estil directe estil indirecte
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

El Past Perfect, would, could, should i might no canvien: més enrere ja no poden anar. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Quan no cal canviar el temps. Si el verb que introdueix les paraules és en present, no hi ha canvi: She says she's tired — així es transmet el que s'acaba de dir. Si el que es va dir encara és veritat ara, el temps es pot deixar igual: He said he lives in Leeds — i encara hi viu. En aquest cas, lived també és correcte.

El Past Simple: el canvi és la regla, però sense canvi també és correcte. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys: així és segons la regla, i és el més segur per escrit. Però sovint el Past Simple es deixa tal com és: He said he lost his keys. No és cap error: l'ordre dels fets ja és clar —primer les va perdre, després ho va dir—, i el Past Perfect no hi afegeix res. Passa sobretot quan es diu el moment: She said she arrived on Monday. Als exercicis del curs s'accepten totes dues opcions; si dubtes, canvia el temps.

Pronoms, lloc i temps. Ara parla una altra persona, i per això I es converteix en he o she, i my, en his o her. Si ho expliques un altre dia o en un altre lloc, també canvien les paraules de temps i de lloc:

en estil directe en estil indirecte
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

El mateix dia no cal canviar-les: She said she'd call me tomorrow — si demà encara no ha arribat.

La pregunta: ordre d'afirmació i if. En estil indirecte la pregunta deixa de ser una pregunta: no la fas, sinó que n'informes. Per això té l'ordre d'una afirmació normal —primer el subjecte, després el verb—, do, does i did desapareixen, i no hi ha signe d'interrogació. S'introdueix amb asked o wanted to know.

pregunta directa estil indirecte
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

La pregunta amb where, what o why conserva aquesta paraula. La pregunta sense paraula interrogativa —la de sí o no— porta if o whether: és el «si» català de «em va preguntar si venia».

La petició i l'ordre: to + verb. La petició s'introdueix amb asked; la instrucció o l'ordre, amb told, i darrere hi va la persona i to + verb. La negació és not to.

estil directe estil indirecte
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? per la forma és una pregunta, però pel sentit és una petició, i per això es transmet amb asked me to.

Compara asked me to i asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Em va demanar: «Truca a l'Anna».
He asked me if I had called Anna. Em va preguntar: «Has trucat a l'Anna?»

Darrere de to hi ha una petició; darrere de if, una pregunta. És la diferència entre «demanar» i «preguntar», que l'anglès expressa totes dues amb ask.

Així no es diu. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. La pregunta en estil indirecte és una afirmació, i acaba amb punt.

Posa't a prova. Com transmets les paraules de l'Anna "I've lost my phone"? Per què She asked where I lived, i no where did I live? Com es transmet "Don't touch it!"?

mostra les respostes
Anna said she had lost her phone; en estil indirecte la pregunta té l'ordre d'afirmació i no porta did, perquè no preguntes, sinó que informes d'una pregunta; He told me not to touch it — not to + verb.
Anunci

Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

L'ordre de pregunta en estil indirecte

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. A «em va preguntar quina hora era» o «on vivia la Marta» el verb va davant del subjecte, i la pregunta indirecta catalana sona igual que la directa. En anglès, no: la pregunta que es fa porta l'ordre de pregunta; la pregunta de què s'informa, l'ordre d'afirmació.

2

«Em va demanar que…» paraula per paraula

✗ He asked me that I closed the door

✗ She told me that I don't worry

✓ He asked me to close the door

She told me not to worry. «Em va demanar que tanqués la porta», «em va dir que no em preocupés»: en català hi va «que» + subjuntiu. L'anglès aquí no té aquesta construcció: darrere de asked me i told me va to + verb, i la negació és not to.

3

said me i told sense persona

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… o He said to me that… Com a l'A2 #29: a «em va dir que» el pronom «em» va enganxat al verb, i surt said me. Però say diu què es va sentir, i tell, a qui: darrere de told hi ha d'anar la persona.

4

El subjecte que falta

✗ He said that was tired

✗ She asked me where worked

✓ He said that he was tired

She asked me where I worked. «Va dir que estava cansat», «em va preguntar on treballava» no necessiten subjecte. En anglès la part que va darrere de that o de where porta el seu, i és el que diu de qui es parla: I, he, she.

Pronunciació

3 min

A la pregunta en estil indirecte l'entonació baixa:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

És una afirmació sobre una pregunta, no la pregunta mateixa. Si la veu pugés al final, la frase tornaria a ser una pregunta: és un error freqüent d'oïda —la frase està ben construïda, però sona com una pregunta.

said i says: said /sed/, says /sez/, amb una /e/ breu, i no amb /eɪ/ com a say.

asked /ɑːskt/ és una sola síl·laba: /sk/ i /t/ sonen seguides, sense cap vocal entremig.

that en estil indirecte és àton: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, gairebé no se sent.

Anunci

Text

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Exercicis

30 min

1. Reescriure en estil indirecte.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Mostra les respostes
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Reescriure les preguntes en estil indirecte.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Mostra les respostes
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Reescriure les peticions i les instruccions en estil indirecte.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Mostra les respostes
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Mostra les respostes
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Omplir els buits

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Mostra les respostes
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) Va dir que estava cansat. 2) Ella em va preguntar on treballava. 3) Ell va preguntar si jo vindria. 4) El metge em va dir que no treballés durant una setmana. 5) Van dir que ja havien menjat.

Mostra les respostes
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Explicar una conversa.

Recorda una trucada recent o una conversa en una botiga. Explica-la amb cinc frases: què et van dir, què et van preguntar i què et van demanar.

Model: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

Anunci

Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó: el canvi de tots els temps i verbs modals coneguts, quan no cal canviar el temps, el Past Simple amb canvi i sense, les paraules de lloc i de temps, la pregunta en estil indirecte —ordre d'afirmació, if i whether—, la petició i l'ordre en estil indirecte: asked me to, told me not to. A continuació, la lliçó 16: transmetre el consell d'un altre.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 88

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

14 paraules
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ recepcionista
  • whether /ˈweðə/ si (en una pregunta indirecta)
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ el dia abans
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ l'endemà
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ la setmana següent (en estil indirecte)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ comanda; demanar, encarregar
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ paquet
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ magatzem
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ perdut, desaparegut
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ transferència bancària
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ posar en espera (al telèfon)
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ número de seguiment
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ deixar un missatge
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ en camí

Escriptura

Sis frases que expliquin una conversa telefònica o uns missatges: què et van dir, què vas dir tu, què et van preguntar i què et van demanar.

Model

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

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