Gramatika liko ~54 min pagrindinės dalies

Tiksliai perpasakoti kito žmogaus žodžius

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu tiksliai perteikti kito žmogaus žodžius, klausimą ir prašymą.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 54 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

16 min

A2 #29 pamokoje išmokote atpažinti perpasakojimą: He said he was tired — ir suprasti, kad was čia nereiškia praeities. Dabar perpasakojimą reikia sudaryti patiems, ir ne tik teiginį, bet ir klausimą, ir prašymą. Schemos trys, o logika viena: kalbate savo vardu apie pokalbį, kuris jau įvyko.

Teiginys: laikų poslinkis. Jį įveda said (ką pasakė) arba told + kam (kam pasakė) — šią porą žinote iš A2 #29. Jei įvadinis veiksmažodis būtajame laike, perpasakojimo laikas pasitraukia vienu žingsniu atgal. Anglų kalba šalutinio sakinio laiką derina su pagrindiniu (lietuviškai — ne: „sakė, kad yra pavargęs“): žodžiai nuskambėjo „tada“, ir viskas, kas viduje, irgi žiūri iš „tada“. Tai ta pati logika kaip Past Perfect B1 #1 pamokoje: įvykiai išrikiuojami nuo pasakojimo taško.

tiesioginė kalba perpasakojimas
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should ir might nesislenka: toliau atgal jiems nėra kur. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Kada slinkti nebūtina. Jei įvadinis veiksmažodis esamajame laike, poslinkio nėra: She says she's tired — taip perteikiama tai, kas pasakyta ką tik. Jei pasakyta tiesa ir dabar, laiką galima palikti: He said he lives in Leeds — ir tebegyvena ten. Paslinktas lived šiuo atveju irgi teisingas.

Past Simple: poslinkis — pagrindinė taisyklė, be poslinkio — irgi teisinga. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — taip pagal taisyklę, ir taip patikimiausia rašant. Bet Past Simple perpasakojime dažnai paliekamas kaip yra: He said he lost his keys. Tai ne klaida: įvykių tvarka ir taip aiški — pirma pametė, paskui pasakė, — ir Past Perfect nieko nepriduria. Ypač dažnai taip sakoma, kai laikas įvardytas: She said she arrived on Monday. Kurso pratimuose priimami abu variantai; jei abejojate, slinkite.

Įvardžiai, vieta ir laikas. Dabar kalba kitas žmogus, todėl I virsta he arba she, o my — his arba her. Jei perpasakojama kitą dieną ar kitoje vietoje, keičiasi ir laiko bei vietos žodžiai:

tiesioginėje kalboje perpasakojime
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Tą pačią dieną jų keisti nereikia: She said she'd call me tomorrow — jei rytojus dar neatėjo.

Klausimas: tiesioginė žodžių tvarka ir if. Perpasakojime klausimas nustoja būti klausimu: jūs jo neklausiate, o apie jį pranešate. Todėl jo žodžių tvarka — kaip paprasto teiginio: pirma veiksnys, paskui veiksmažodis, — do, does, did dingsta, ir klaustuko nėra. Jį įveda asked arba wanted to know.

tiesioginis klausimas perpasakojimas
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Klausimas su žodžiu where, what, why šį žodį išlaiko. Klausimas be tokio žodžio — į kurį atsakoma „taip“ arba „ne“ — gauna if arba whether: tai angliškas „ar“.

Prašymas ir nurodymas: to + veiksmažodis. Prašymą įveda asked, nurodymą ar įsakymą — told, o po jų eina žmogus ir to + veiksmažodis. Neiginys — not to.

tiesioginė kalba perpasakojimas
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? pagal formą — klausimas, o pagal prasmę — prašymas, todėl jis perteikiamas per asked me to.

Palyginkite asked me to ir asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Paprašė: „Paskambink Anai“.
He asked me if I had called Anna. Paklausė: „Ar paskambinai Anai?“

Po to eina prašymas, po if — klausimas.

Taip nesakoma. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Perpasakotas klausimas — tai teiginys, ir jo gale taškas.

Pasitikrinkite. Kaip perpasakoti Anos žodžius "I've lost my phone"? Kodėl She asked where I lived, o ne where did I live? Kaip perteikti "Don't touch it!"?

rodyti atsakymus
Anna said she had lost her phone; perpasakojime klausimo žodžių tvarka tiesioginė ir nėra did, nes jūs ne klausiate, o pranešate apie klausimą; He told me not to touch it — not to + veiksmažodis.
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Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

Klausimo žodžių tvarka perpasakojime

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. Lietuviškai tiesioginis ir perpasakotas klausimas sudaromi vienodai („Kur gyveni?“ — „paklausė, kur gyvenu“), todėl angliško skirtumo nejaučiama. Bet angliškai klausimą užduodant tvarka klausiamoji, apie jį pranešant — tiesioginė.

2

Bendrasis klausimas be if

✗ She asked me do I want a coffee

✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee

Lietuviškai „ar“ stovi ir klausime („Ar nori kavos?“), ir perpasakojime („paklausė, ar noriu kavos“), todėl atrodo, kad užtenka perkelti tiesioginį klausimą. Bet angliškai tiesioginis klausimas sudaromas su do, o perpasakojimo „ar“ — tai if arba whether.

3

Prašymas be to

✗ She told me don't be late → ✓ She told me not to be late. ✗ He asked me close the door → ✓ He asked me to close the door. Lietuviškai „liepė nevėluoti“, „paprašė uždaryti“ — tiesiog bendratis, neiginys prilipęs prie jos kaip „ne-“. Angliškai po told me ir asked me reikia to, o neiginys — not to.

4

Laikas lieka kalbėtojo

Lietuviškai perpasakojant laikas nesikeičia: „sakė, kad yra pavargęs“, „paklausė, ar ateisiu“. Todėl ranka rašo He said he is tired, She asked if I will come. Angliškai po said ir asked laikas paprastai pasislenka: He said he was tired, She asked if I would come. Esamąjį galima palikti tik tada, kai pasakyta tebėra tiesa ir dabar.

5

said me ir told be žmogaus

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… arba He said to me that…. Lietuviškas „pasakė man“ — naudininkas be prielinksnio, o „pasakė, kad…“ apsieina be žmogaus. Angliškai say žmogų prisijungia tik su to, o po tell jis būtinas.

Tarimas

3 min

Perpasakotame klausime intonacija krintanti:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

Tai teiginys apie klausimą, o ne pats klausimas. Balso pakilimas gale vėl paverstų frazę klausimu — dažna klaida iš klausos: sakinys sudarytas teisingai, o skamba kaip klausimas.

said ir says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — su trumpuoju /e/, o ne /eɪ/, kaip say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — vienas skiemuo: /sk/ ir /t/ skamba iš eilės, be balsio tarp jų.

that perpasakojime nekirčiuotas: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, beveik negirdimas.

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Tekstas

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

30 min

1. Perrašykite netiesiogine kalba.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Rodyti atsakymus
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Perrašykite klausimus netiesiogine kalba.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Rodyti atsakymus
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Perrašykite prašymus ir nurodymus netiesiogine kalba.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Rodyti atsakymus
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Rodyti atsakymus
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Įrašykite said, told, asked, if arba to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Rodyti atsakymus
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Jis sakė, kad yra pavargęs. 2) Ji paklausė, kur aš dirbu. 3) Jis paklausė, ar aš ateisiu. 4) Gydytojas liepė man savaitę nedirbti. 5) Jie sakė, kad jau pavalgė.

Rodyti atsakymus
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Perpasakokite pokalbį.

Prisiminkite neseniai vykusį pokalbį telefonu ar parduotuvėje. Perpasakokite jį penkiais sakiniais: ką jums pasakė, ko paklausė, ko paprašė.

Pavyzdys: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

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Santrauka

Išmokta: visų žinomų laikų ir modalinių veiksmažodžių poslinkis, kada poslinkio nereikia, Past Simple su poslinkiu ir be jo, vietos ir laiko žodžiai, klausimo perpasakojimas — tiesioginė žodžių tvarka, if ir whether, prašymo ir nurodymo perpasakojimas — asked me to, told me not to. Toliau — 16 pamoka: kito žmogaus patarimas.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 88

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

14 žodžių
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ administratorius
  • whether /ˈweðə/ ar
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ dieną prieš tai
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ kitą dieną
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ kitą savaitę (perpasakojime)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ užsakymas
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ siuntinys
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ sandėlis
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ dingęs
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ banko pavedimas
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ paprašyti palaukti ryšio
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ siuntos sekimo numeris
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ palikti žinutę
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ pakeliui

Rašymas

Šeši sakiniai — pokalbio telefonu ar susirašinėjimo perpasakojimas: ką pasakė jums, ką pasakėte jūs, ko jūsų paklausė ir ko paprašė.

Pavyzdys

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

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