Gramatika ~54 min jezgre preostalo

Točno prenijeti tuđe riječi

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Mogu točno prenijeti tuđe riječi, pitanje i molbu.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 54 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

16 min

Na A2 #29 naučio si prepoznati prepričavanje: He said he was tired — i shvatiti da was ovdje ne znači prošlost. Sada neupravni govor treba graditi sam, i to ne samo izjavu, nego i pitanje i molbu. Obrasca su tri, a logika je jedna: govoriš u svoje ime o razgovoru koji je već prošao.

Izjava: pomak vremena. Uvode je said (što je rekao) ili told + kome (kome je rekao) — taj par znaš s A2 #29. Ako je uvodni glagol u prošlom vremenu, vrijeme u neupravnom govoru pomiče se korak unatrag. Engleski usklađuje vrijeme zavisne rečenice s glavnom: riječi su izgovorene „tada“, i sve u njima također gleda iz „tada“. To je ista logika kao kod Past Perfecta u B1 #1: događaji se slažu od točke pričanja.

upravni govor neupravni govor
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should i might se ne pomiču: dalje unatrag nemaju kamo. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Kada pomak nije obavezan. Ako je uvodni glagol u sadašnjem vremenu, pomaka nema: She says she's tired — tako se prenosi ono što je upravo rečeno. Ako je rečeno točno i sada, vrijeme se može ostaviti: He said he lives in Leeds — i ondje još živi. Pomaknuti lived u tom je slučaju također točan.

Past Simple: pomak je osnovno pravilo, ali i bez pomaka je točno. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — tako je po pravilu, i to je najsigurnije u pisanju. Ali Past Simple se u neupravnom govoru često ostavlja kakav jest: He said he lost his keys. To nije pogreška: redoslijed događaja ionako je jasan — najprije je izgubio, zatim rekao — i Past Perfect ništa ne dodaje. Osobito se tako govori kad je vrijeme navedeno: She said she arrived on Monday. U vježbama tečaja prihvaćaju se obje inačice; ako nisi siguran, pomakni.

Zamjenice, mjesto i vrijeme. Sada govori druga osoba, pa I postaje he ili she, a my — his ili her. Ako se prepričava drugog dana ili na drugom mjestu, mijenjaju se i riječi za vrijeme i mjesto:

u upravnom govoru u neupravnom govoru
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Istog dana to ne treba mijenjati: She said she'd call me tomorrow — ako sutra još nije došlo.

Pitanje: red riječi kao u izjavi i if. U neupravnom govoru pitanje prestaje biti pitanje: ne postavljaš ga, nego izvješćuješ o njemu. Zato ima red riječi obične izjavne rečenice — najprije subjekt, zatim glagol —, do, does, did nestaju, a upitnika nema. Uvode ga asked ili wanted to know.

upravno pitanje neupravni govor
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Pitanje s riječju where, what, why tu riječ zadržava. Pitanje bez takve riječi — na koje se odgovara s „da“ ili „ne“ — dobiva if ili whether, to je englesko „li“.

Molba i uputa: to + glagol. Molbu uvodi asked, uputu ili naredbu — told, a iza njih stoje osoba i to + glagol. Niječnica — not to.

upravni govor neupravni govor
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? je po obliku pitanje, a po smislu molba, zato se prenosi preko asked me to.

Usporedi asked me to i asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Zamolio je: „Nazovi Annu.“
He asked me if I had called Anna. Pitao je: „Jesi li nazvao Annu?“

Iza to dolazi molba, iza if — pitanje.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Prepričano pitanje je izjava, i na kraju mu stoji točka.

Provjeri se. Kako prenijeti Annine riječi "I've lost my phone"? Zašto She asked where I lived, a ne where did I live? Kako prenijeti "Don't touch it!"?

prikaži odgovore
Anna said she had lost her phone; u prepričanom pitanju red je riječi kao u izjavi i nema did — ne pitaš, nego izvješćuješ o pitanju; He told me not to touch it — not to + glagol.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Upitni red riječi u neupravnom govoru

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. U hrvatskom neupravno pitanje zvuči isto kao upravno („pitao je gdje živim“), pa se engleski upitni red čini prirodnim. Engleski razlikuje: pitanje se postavlja — red je upitni, o pitanju se izvješćuje — red je izjavni.

2

Pitanje „da ili ne“ bez if

✗ She asked me do I want a coffee

✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee

Hrvatsko „pitala je želim li kavu“ nosi pitanje česticom „li“ iza glagola, i čini se da engleskom dostaje upravno pitanje. Ali „li“ je u engleskom if ili whether, i stoji na početku.

3

„da“ umjesto to u molbi

✗ He asked me that I help him → ✓ He asked me to help him. ✗ She told me don't be late → ✓ She told me not to be late. Hrvatski molbu i uputu prenosi s „da“: „zamolio me da mu pomognem“, „rekla mi je da ne kasnim“. Iza asked me i told me u engleskom stoji to + glagol, a niječnica je not to.

4

said me i told bez osobe

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… ili He said to me that…. Hrvatsko „rekao mi je“ pokriva oba engleska glagola. say govori što je rečeno, tell — kome.

5

Vrijeme bez pomaka

✗ She said she will call me the next day

✓ She said she would call me the next day

Hrvatski vrijeme ne pomiče: „rekla je da će me nazvati sutradan“, pa ostaje will. Kad se prepričava ono što je prošlo, will postaje would.

Izgovor

3 min

U prepričanom pitanju intonacija je silazna:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

To je izjava o pitanju, a ne pitanje. Podizanje glasa na kraju pretvorilo bi rečenicu natrag u pitanje — česta pogreška na sluh: rečenica je složena točno, a zvuči kao pitanje.

said i says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — s kratkim /e/, a ne /eɪ/ kao u say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — jedan slog: /sk/ i /t/ zvuče zaredom, bez samoglasnika između njih.

that u neupravnom govoru je nenaglašen: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, gotovo neprimjetno.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Prepiši u neupravnom govoru.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Prikaži odgovore
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Prepiši pitanja u neupravnom govoru.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Prikaži odgovore
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Prepiši molbe i upute u neupravnom govoru.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Prikaži odgovore
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Prikaži odgovore
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Umetni said, told, asked, if ili to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Prikaži odgovore
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Rekao je da je umoran. 2) Pitala je gdje radim. 3) Pitao je hoću li doći. 4) Liječnik mi je rekao da tjedan dana ne radim. 5) Rekli su da su već jeli.

Prikaži odgovore
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Prepričaj razgovor.

Sjeti se nedavnog telefonskog poziva ili razgovora u trgovini. Prepričaj ga u pet rečenica: što su ti rekli, što su te pitali, što su te zamolili.

Uzorak: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: pomak svih poznatih vremena i modalnih glagola, kada pomak nije potreban, Past Simple s pomakom i bez njega, riječi za mjesto i vrijeme, prepričavanje pitanja — red riječi kao u izjavi, if i whether, prepričavanje molbe i upute — asked me to, told me not to. Slijedi lekcija 16: tuđi savjet.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 88

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

14 riječi
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ recepcionar, recepcionarka
  • whether /ˈweðə/ li
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ dan prije, prethodnog dana
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ sljedećeg dana, sutradan
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ sljedeći tjedan (u neupravnom govoru)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ narudžba; naručiti
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ paket
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ skladište
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ nestao
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ bankovni prijenos
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ staviti na čekanje (na telefonu)
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ broj za praćenje pošiljke
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ ostaviti poruku
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ na putu

Pisanje

Šest rečenica — prepričavanje telefonskog razgovora ili dopisivanja: što su rekli tebi, što si rekao ti, što su te pitali i što su te zamolili.

Uzorak

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

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