Slovnica ~54 min jedra še preostane

Natančno prenesti tuje besede

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam natančno prenesti tuje besede, vprašanje in prošnjo.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 54 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

16 min

Na A2 #29 si se naučil prepoznati poročanje: He said he was tired — in razumeti, da was tu ne pomeni preteklosti. Zdaj moraš poročanje sestaviti sam, in ne samo trditev, ampak tudi vprašanje in prošnjo. Shem so tri, logika pa je ena: govoriš sam o pogovoru, ki je že minil.

Trditev: premik časov. Uvajata jo said (kaj je rekel) ali told + koga (komu je rekel) — ta par poznaš iz A2 #29. Če je uvodni glagol v pretekliku, se čas poročanja pomakne za korak nazaj. Angleščina uskladi čas odvisnika s časom glavnega stavka: besede so bile izrečene „takrat“, in vse v njih gleda iz „takrat“. Slovenščina pa ohrani čas izvirnih besed: „rekel je, da je utrujen“. To je ista logika kot pri Past Perfectu v B1 #1: dogodki se razvrstijo od točke pripovedi.

premi govor poročanje
"I am tired." He said he was tired.
"I work in a bank." She said she worked in a bank.
"I'm waiting for a bus." He said he was waiting for a bus.
"I've finished." She said she had finished.
"I lost my keys." He said he had lost his keys.
"I'll call you." She said she would call me.
"I can help." He said he could help.
"I must go." She said she had to go.
"We may be late." They said they might be late.

Past Perfect, would, could, should in might se ne premaknejo: dlje nazaj nimajo kam. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.

Kdaj premik ni obvezen. Če je uvodni glagol v sedanjiku, premika ni: She says she's tired — tako prenesemo, kar je bilo pravkar rečeno. Če je izrečeno resnično tudi zdaj, lahko čas ostane: He said he lives in Leeds — in tam živi še danes. Premaknjeni lived je v tem primeru tudi pravilen.

Past Simple: premik je osnovno pravilo, brez premika je tudi prav. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — tako je po pravilu, in to je v pisavi najzanesljivejše. A Past Simple v poročanju pogosto ostane, kakršen je: He said he lost his keys. To ni napaka: vrstni red dogodkov je jasen že tako — najprej je izgubil, nato rekel —, in Past Perfect ne doda ničesar. Posebno pogosto tako govorimo, ko je čas imenovan: She said she arrived on Monday. V vajah tečaja veljata obe različici; če dvomiš, premakni.

Zaimki, kraj in čas. Zdaj govori drug človek, zato I postane he ali she, my pa his ali her. Če poročaš drug dan ali na drugem kraju, se spremenijo tudi besede za čas in kraj:

v premem govoru v poročanju
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
next week the following week
here there

Isti dan jih ni treba spreminjati: She said she'd call me tomorrow — če jutri še ni prišel.

Vprašanje: pripovedni red in if. V poročanju vprašanje ni več vprašanje: ne zastavljaš ga, ampak o njem poročaš. Zato ima red navadne trditve — najprej osebek, nato glagol —, do, does, did izginejo, in vprašaja ni. Uvajata ga asked ali wanted to know.

premo vprašanje poročanje
"Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
"What time does the train leave?" She asked what time the train left.
"Are you coming?" He asked if I was coming.
"Have you seen my keys?" She asked whether I had seen her keys.

Vprašanje z vprašalnico where, what, why to besedo ohrani. Vprašanje brez nje — na „da“ ali „ne“ — dobi if ali whether, to je angleški „ali“ oziroma „če“.

Prošnja in navodilo: to + glagol. Prošnjo uvaja asked, navodilo ali ukaz — told, in za njima stojita človek in to + glagol. Nikalnica — not to.

premi govor poročanje
"Please wait here." She asked me to wait there.
"Close the door." He told me to close the door.
"Don't be late." She told us not to be late.
"Could you help me?" He asked me to help him.

Could you…? je po obliki vprašanje, po pomenu pa prošnja, zato ga prenesemo z asked me to.

Primerjaj asked me to in asked me if:

He asked me to call Anna. Prosil je: „Pokliči Anno.“
He asked me if I had called Anna. Vprašal je: „Si poklical Anno?“

Za to sledi prošnja, za if — vprašanje.

Tako se ne reče. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Poročanje o vprašanju je trditev, in na koncu ima piko.

Preveri se. Kako preneseš Annine besede "I've lost my phone"? Zakaj She asked where I lived, ne pa where did I live? Kako preneseš "Don't touch it!"?

prikaži odgovore
Anna said she had lost her phone; v poročanju ima vprašanje pripovedni red in nima did, saj ne sprašuješ, ampak poročaš o vprašanju; He told me not to touch it — not to + glagol.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

Vprašalni red v poročanju

✗ He asked where did I live

✗ She asked what time was it

✓ He asked where I lived

She asked what time it was. V slovenščini je odvisno vprašanje zgrajeno enako kot premo („Kje živiš?“ — „vprašal je, kje živim“), zato se zdi premo angleško vprašanje kar pravo. Angleščina pa loči: vprašanje zastavljaš — vprašalni red, o vprašanju poročaš — pripovedni.

2

Odločevalno vprašanje brez if

✗ She asked me do I want a coffee

✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee

Slovenski „ali“ ali „če“ v „vprašala je, ali hočem kavo“ je angleški if ali whether. Brez njega angleška poved ne gre, za njim pa sledi pripovedni red.

3

Čas brez premika

✗ She said she will call me, but she didn't

✓ She said she would call me, but she didn't

V slovenščini ostane čas izvirnih besed: „rekla je, da me bo poklicala“. V angleščini se za said čas pomakne nazaj; brez premika lahko ostane, kar velja še zdaj, in pogosto Past Simple.

4

„Naj“ v prošnji in ukazu

✗ She told me don't be late

✗ He asked me close the door

✓ She told me not to be late

He asked me to close the door. Slovenščina reče „rekla mi je, naj ne zamujam“, „prosil me je, naj zaprem vrata“, in angleški glagol ostane v obliki ukaza. Za told me in asked me pa stoji to, nikalnica pa je not to.

5

said me in told brez osebe

✗ He said me that…

✗ He told that…

✓ He told me that…

He said that… ali He said to me that…. „Rekel mi je“ ima „mi“ brez predloga. say pove, kaj je bilo rečeno, tell — komu.

Izgovorjava

3 min

Pri poročanju o vprašanju je intonacija padajoča:

He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.

To je trditev o vprašanju, ne vprašanje samo. Dvig glasu na koncu bi poved spet spremenil v vprašanje — pogosta napaka na posluh: poved je zgrajena prav, zveni pa kot vprašanje.

said in says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — s kratkim /e/, ne z /eɪ/ kot v say.

asked /ɑːskt/ — en zlog: /sk/ in /t/ zvenita zapored, brez samoglasnika vmes.

that v poročanju je nenaglašen: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, skoraj neopazno.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

Yesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.

She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.

She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.

I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Prepiši v odvisnem govoru.

  1. "I'm tired." (Tom)
  2. "I work in a bank." (Anna)
  3. "I've finished the report." (Mark)
  4. "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
  5. "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
  6. "We must leave at six." (they)
  7. "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Prikaži odgovore
Tom said he was tired / Tom said that he was tired; Anna said she worked in a bank / Anna said that she worked in a bank; Mark said he had finished the report / Mark said that he had finished the report; Sarah told me she would call me the next day / Sarah told me that she would call me the next day / Sarah told me she would call me the following day; Ben said he couldn't come to the party / Ben said that he couldn't come to the party; They said they had to leave at six / They said that they had to leave at six; Kate said she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she had lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she had lost her wallet the previous day / Kate said she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said that she lost her wallet the day before / Kate said she lost her wallet the previous day

2. Prepiši vprašanja v odvisnem govoru.

  1. "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
  2. "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
  3. "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
  4. "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
  5. "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
  6. "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Prikaži odgovore
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I was coming to the party / She asked me whether I was coming to the party; I asked what time the train left; Mum asked me if I had seen her keys / Mum asked me whether I had seen her keys; The teacher asked us why we were laughing; They asked her if she could speak French / They asked her whether she could speak French

3. Prepiši prošnje in navodila v odvisnem govoru.

  1. "Please wait here." (she asked me)
  2. "Don't be late." (he told us)
  3. "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
  4. "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
  5. "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Prikaži odgovore
She asked me to wait there / She asked me to wait here; He told us not to be late; She asked him to open the window; The guide told the children not to touch anything; My manager told me to send him the file by Friday / My manager told me to send her the file by Friday

4. Iskanje napak.

  1. He asked me where did I live.
  2. She asked me do I want a coffee.
  3. She told me don't worry.
  4. He told that he was busy.
  5. They asked what time was it.
  6. He asked me close the door.
Prikaži odgovore
He asked me where I lived; She asked me if I wanted a coffee / She asked me whether I wanted a coffee; She told me not to worry; He told me that he was busy / He told me he was busy / He said that he was busy / He said he was busy; They asked what time it was; He asked me to close the door

5. Vstavi said, told, asked, if ali to.

  1. She me that she was busy
  2. He that the shop closed at six
  3. I him where the station was
  4. She asked me I had a pen
  5. He asked me wait outside
Prikaži odgovore
told; said; asked; if / whether; to

6. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Rekel je, da je utrujen. 2) Vprašala je, kje delam. 3) Vprašal je, ali bom prišel. 4) Zdravnik mi je rekel, naj en teden ne delam. 5) Rekli so, da so že jedli.

Prikaži odgovore
He said he was tired / He said that he was tired; She asked me where I worked / She asked where I worked; He asked if I was coming / He asked whether I was coming / He asked if I would come / He asked whether I would come; The doctor told me not to work for a week; They said they had already eaten / They said that they had already eaten

7. Prenesi pogovor.

Spomni se nedavnega telefonskega klica ali pogovora v trgovini. Prenesi ga s petimi povedmi: kaj so ti rekli, kaj so te vprašali, za kaj so te prosili.

Zgled: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.

Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: premik vseh znanih časov in modalnih glagolov, kdaj premik ni potreben, Past Simple s premikom in brez, besede za kraj in čas, poročanje o vprašanju — pripovedni red, if in whether, poročanje o prošnji in navodilu — asked me to, told me not to. Sledi lekcija 16: prenesti tuji nasvet.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 88

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

14 besed
  • receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ receptor, receptorka
  • whether /ˈweðə/ ali
  • the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ dan prej
  • the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ naslednji dan
  • the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ naslednji teden (v poročanju)
  • order /ˈɔːdə/ naročilo; naročiti
  • parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ paket
  • warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ skladišče
  • missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ pogrešan, izgubljen
  • bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ bančno nakazilo
  • put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ dati na čakanje (pri telefonu)
  • tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ številka za sledenje
  • leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ pustiti sporočilo
  • on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ na poti

Pisanje

Šest povedi — poročilo o telefonskem pogovoru ali dopisovanju: kaj so rekli tebi, kaj si rekel ti, kaj so te vprašali in za kaj so te prosili.

Zgled

Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.

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