Tačno preneti tuđe reči
Mogu tačno da prenesem tuđe reči, pitanje i molbu.
Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.
Gramatika
16 minNa A2 #29 naučio si da prepoznaješ prepričavanje: He said he was tired — i da razumeš da was ovde ne znači prošlost. Sada prepričavanje treba graditi sam, i to ne samo izjavu, nego i pitanje i molbu. Šeme su tri, a logika je jedna: govoriš u svoje ime o razgovoru koji je već prošao.
Izjava: pomeranje vremena. Uvode je said (šta je rekao) ili told + kome (kome je rekao) — taj par znaš iz A2 #29. Ako je uvodni glagol u prošlom vremenu, vreme prepričavanja se pomera korak unazad. Engleski usklađuje vreme zavisne rečenice sa glavnom: reči su izgovorene „tada“, i sve što je u njima takođe gleda iz „tada“. To je ista logika kao kod Past Perfecta u B1 #1: događaji se ređaju od trenutka priče.
| upravni govor | prepričavanje |
|---|---|
| "I am tired." | He said he was tired. |
| "I work in a bank." | She said she worked in a bank. |
| "I'm waiting for a bus." | He said he was waiting for a bus. |
| "I've finished." | She said she had finished. |
| "I lost my keys." | He said he had lost his keys. |
| "I'll call you." | She said she would call me. |
| "I can help." | He said he could help. |
| "I must go." | She said she had to go. |
| "We may be late." | They said they might be late. |
Past Perfect, would, could, should i might se ne pomeraju: dalje unazad nemaju kud. "I had finished" → She said she had finished.
Kada pomeranje nije obavezno. Ako je uvodni glagol u sadašnjem vremenu, pomeranja nema: She says she's tired — tako se prenosi ono što je upravo rečeno. Ako je rečeno tačno i sada, vreme može da ostane: He said he lives in Leeds — i tamo živi i dalje. Pomereno lived je u tom slučaju takođe tačno.
Past Simple: pomeranje je osnovno pravilo, bez pomeranja je takođe tačno. "I lost my keys" → He said he had lost his keys — tako je po pravilu, i tako je najsigurnije u pisanju. Ali Past Simple se u prepričavanju često ostavlja kakav jeste: He said he lost his keys. To nije greška: redosled događaja je ionako jasan — prvo je izgubio, zatim rekao — i Past Perfect ništa ne dodaje. Posebno se često tako kaže kad je vreme navedeno: She said she arrived on Monday. U vežbama kursa prihvataju se obe varijante; ako nisi siguran, pomeri.
Zamenice, mesto i vreme. Sada govori drugi čovek, zato I postaje he ili she, a my — his ili her. Ako se prepričava drugog dana ili na drugom mestu, menjaju se i reči za vreme i mesto:
| u upravnom govoru | u prepričavanju |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| next week | the following week |
| here | there |
Istog dana ih ne treba menjati: She said she'd call me tomorrow — ako sutra još nije došlo.
Pitanje: red reči izjave i if. U prepričavanju pitanje prestaje da bude pitanje: ti ga ne postavljaš, nego o njemu obaveštavaš. Zato ima red reči obične izjave — prvo podmet, zatim glagol, — do, does, did nestaju, i upitnika nema. Uvode ga asked ili wanted to know.
| upravno pitanje | prepričavanje |
|---|---|
| "Where do you live?" | He asked me where I lived. |
| "What time does the train leave?" | She asked what time the train left. |
| "Are you coming?" | He asked if I was coming. |
| "Have you seen my keys?" | She asked whether I had seen her keys. |
Pitanje sa rečju where, what, why zadržava tu reč. Pitanje bez takve reči — na koje se odgovara sa „da“ ili „ne“ — dobija if ili whether; to je englesko „da li“.
Molba i uputstvo: to + glagol. Molbu uvodi asked, uputstvo ili naredbu — told, i iza njih stoje osoba i to + glagol. Odrični oblik je not to.
| upravni govor | prepričavanje |
|---|---|
| "Please wait here." | She asked me to wait there. |
| "Close the door." | He told me to close the door. |
| "Don't be late." | She told us not to be late. |
| "Could you help me?" | He asked me to help him. |
Could you…? je po obliku pitanje, a po smislu molba, zato se prenosi preko asked me to.
Uporedi asked me to i asked me if:
| He asked me to call Anna. | Zamolio me je: „Pozovi Anu.“ |
| He asked me if I had called Anna. | Pitao me je: „Da li si zvao Anu?“ |
Posle to dolazi molba, posle if — pitanje.
Tako se ne kaže. ✗ She asked if I was coming? → ✓ She asked if I was coming. Prepričano pitanje je izjava, i na kraju ima tačku.
Proveri se. Kako prepričati Anine reči "I've lost my phone"? Zašto She asked where I lived, a ne where did I live? Kako preneti "Don't touch it!"?
prikaži odgovore
Greške govornika srpskog jezika
prilagođeno vašem jezikuUpitni red reči u prepričavanju
✗ He asked where did I live
✗ She asked what time was it
✓ He asked where I lived
She asked what time it was. U srpskom zavisno pitanje zvuči isto kao upravno („pitao je gde živim“ — „gde živiš?“), pa se engleski upitni red čini prirodnim. Engleski razlikuje: pitanje se postavlja — red je upitni, o pitanju se obaveštava — red je kao u izjavi.
Da-ne pitanje bez if
✗ She asked me do I want a coffee
✓ She asked me if I wanted a coffee
U „pitala me je hoću li kafu“ pitanje nosi rečca „li“ iza glagola, kao u upravnom pitanju, pa se prenese ceo upravni oblik. Englesko „da li“ je if ili whether, i stoji na početku, ispred podmeta.
„da“ umesto to u molbi
✗ He asked me that I close the door, ✗ He asked me close the door → ✓ He asked me to close the door. ✗ She told me don't be late → ✓ She told me not to be late. Srpski molbu i uputstvo prenosi sa „da“: „zamolio me je da zatvorim vrata“, „rekla mi je da ne kasnim“. Iz toga izađe ili that, ili ništa, a „ne“ ispred glagola postane don't. Posle asked me i told me u engleskom stoji to + glagol, a odrični oblik je not to.
said me i told bez osobe
✗ He said me that…
✗ He told that…
✓ He told me that…
He said that… ili He said to me that…. Srpsko „rekao mi je“ pokriva oba engleska glagola. say govori šta je rečeno, tell — kome.
Vreme bez pomeranja
✗ She said she will call me the next day
✓ She said she would call me the next day
Srpski vreme ne pomera: „rekla je da će me pozvati sutradan“, pa ostaje will. Kad se prepričava ono što je prošlo, will postaje would.
Izgovor
3 minU prepričanom pitanju intonacija je silazna:
He asked where I lived ↘. She asked if I was coming ↘.
To je izjava o pitanju, a ne samo pitanje. Podizanje glasa na kraju pretvorilo bi rečenicu opet u pitanje — česta greška na sluh: rečenica je sastavljena tačno, a zvuči kao pitanje.
said i says: said /sed/, says /sez/ — sa kratkim /e/, a ne /eɪ/, kao u say.
asked /ɑːskt/ — jedan slog: /sk/ i /t/ zvuče jedno za drugim, bez samoglasnika između.
that u prepričavanju je nenaglašeno: He said that he was tired — /ðət/, skoro neprimetno.
Tekst
5 minYesterday I rang the shop about my missing order. The receptionist said that the manager was in a meeting and asked if I wanted to leave a message. I told her that I had sent two emails the week before and that nobody had answered.
She said she was very sorry and asked me what my order number was. Then she asked whether I had paid by card or by bank transfer. I told her that I had paid by card on the first of the month. She said the parcel had left the warehouse ten days earlier, but she couldn't see where it was now.
She asked me to wait for a moment and put me on hold. Two minutes later she came back and told me not to worry. The parcel was at the local post office, she said, and it would be delivered the next day. She also asked me to check my spam folder, because they had sent me a tracking number.
I checked. She was right: the email was there, with the tracking number and a message that said my parcel was on its way.
Vežbe
30 min1. Prepiši u indirektnom govoru.
- "I'm tired." (Tom)
- "I work in a bank." (Anna)
- "I've finished the report." (Mark)
- "I'll call you tomorrow." (Sarah told me)
- "I can't come to the party." (Ben)
- "We must leave at six." (they)
- "I lost my wallet yesterday." (Kate)
Prikaži odgovore
2. Prepiši pitanja u indirektnom govoru.
- "Where do you live?" (he asked me)
- "Are you coming to the party?" (she asked me)
- "What time does the train leave?" (I asked)
- "Have you seen my keys?" (Mum asked me)
- "Why are you laughing?" (the teacher asked us)
- "Can you speak French?" (they asked her)
Prikaži odgovore
3. Prepiši molbe i uputstva u indirektnom govoru.
- "Please wait here." (she asked me)
- "Don't be late." (he told us)
- "Could you open the window?" (she asked him)
- "Don't touch anything." (the guide told the children)
- "Send me the file by Friday." (my manager told me)
Prikaži odgovore
4. Pronalaženje greške.
- He asked me where did I live.
- She asked me do I want a coffee.
- She told me don't worry.
- He told that he was busy.
- They asked what time was it.
- He asked me close the door.
Prikaži odgovore
5. Popunjavanje.
- She me that she was busy
- He that the shop closed at six
- I him where the station was
- She asked me I had a pen
- He asked me wait outside
Prikaži odgovore
6. Prevedi na engleski.
1) Rekao je da je umoran. 2) Pitala me je gde radim. 3) Pitao je da li ću doći. 4) Lekar mi je rekao da ne radim nedelju dana. 5) Rekli su da su već jeli.
Prikaži odgovore
7. Prepričaj razgovor.
Seti se nedavnog telefonskog poziva ili razgovora u prodavnici. Prepričaj ga u pet rečenica: šta su ti rekli, šta su te pitali, šta su te zamolili.
Primer: Yesterday I rang my dentist. The receptionist said that the dentist was ill. She asked if I could come the following week. I said that Tuesday was fine for me. She asked me to arrive ten minutes early.
Rezime
Obrađeno: pomeranje svih poznatih vremena i modalnih glagola, kada pomeranje nije potrebno, Past Simple sa pomeranjem i bez njega, reči za mesto i vreme, prepričavanje pitanja — red reči izjave, if i whether, prepričavanje molbe i uputstva — asked me to, told me not to. Sledi lekcija 16: tuđi savet.
Kraj osnove
Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.
opciono
Reči za špil
14 reči- receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ recepcioner, recepcionerka
- whether /ˈweðə/ da li
- the day before /ðə deɪ bɪˈfɔː/ dan ranije, prethodnog dana
- the next day /ðə nekst ˈdeɪ/ sutradan, sledećeg dana
- the following week /ðə ˌfɒləʊɪŋ ˈwiːk/ sledeće nedelje (u prepričavanju)
- order /ˈɔːdə/ porudžbina; naručiti
- parcel /ˈpɑːsl/ paket
- warehouse /ˈweəhaʊs/ skladište, magacin
- missing /ˈmɪsɪŋ/ nestao
- bank transfer /ˈbæŋk ˌtrænsfɜː/ bankovni prenos, uplata na račun
- put on hold /ˌpʊt ɒn ˈhəʊld/ staviti na čekanje (na liniji)
- tracking number /ˈtrækɪŋ ˌnʌmbə/ broj za praćenje
- leave a message /ˌliːv ə ˈmesɪdʒ/ ostaviti poruku
- on its way /ɒn ɪts ˈweɪ/ na putu
Pisanje
Šest rečenica — prepričavanje telefonskog razgovora ili prepiske: šta su rekli tebi, šta si rekao ti, šta su te pitali i šta su te zamolili.
Primer
Last week I rang a hotel in Bath. The receptionist said that all the double rooms were booked for Saturday. She asked if I would like a single room instead. I told her that I was travelling with my wife. She asked me to wait while she checked another date. Then she said that they had a free room the following weekend.
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