Grammatika ~53 min tuumikust jäänud

Kirjeldada inimest ja kohta täpselt

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan lisada asjale kirjelduse — nii täpsustava kui ka lisava —, ja saan aru, mille poolest need erinevad.

Alusta tundi Tuum 53 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

15 min

A2 #26 tunnis ühendasid kaks lauset sõnadega who, which, that ja kirjeldasid inimest või asja täpsemalt. Toona olid kõik relatiivlaused ühte liiki. Tegelikult on neid kaks, ja neid eristab koma.

Täpsustav relatiivlause — komadeta. See vastab küsimusele „milline täpselt?“ ja eristab asja teistest. Ilma selleta pole selge, kellest on jutt:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Milline naine? See, kes elab kõrval.

Lisav relatiivlause — komade vahel. Asi on niigi teada, ja kõrvallause teatab sellest ainult midagi lisaks. Kui see ära jätta, tähendus ei kannata:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Ema on üks; lisaks öeldakse, kui vana ta on.

Kontroll: jäta kõrvallause välja. Kui jäi selgeks, kellest või millest on jutt, — on see lisav, ja komad on vajalikud. Kui ei — täpsustav, komadeta.

Võrdle. Samad sõnad, aga tähendus on erinev:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Vendi on mitu; jutt on sellest, kes elab Itaalias.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Vend on üks; lisaks öeldakse, kus ta elab.

Mille poolest need veel erinevad:

täpsustav lisav
komad ei jah
that who ja which asemel võib ei tohi
relatiivsõna võib ära jätta jah, kui selle järel on uus alus ei

The film (that) we saw was boring — that võib ära jätta, selle järel on we. Lisavas jääb relatiivsõna alati alles: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Lisavaid relatiivlauseid kohtab sagedamini kirjas; kõnes öeldakse nende asemel sageli kaks eraldi lauset.

Kõik relatiivsõnad:

kelle või mille kohta näide
who inimesed the woman who called
which asjad ja loomad the car which I bought
that inimesed ja asjad, ainult täpsustavas the book that you lent me
whose kelle, mille the man whose car was stolen
where koht the town where I grew up
when aeg the summer when we met

whose asendab sõnu his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. whose järel tuleb kohe nimisõna, ilma artiklita. Sobib ka asjade kohta: a house whose windows face the sea — kuigi sagedamini öeldakse a house with windows facing the sea.

where või which. where tähendab „milles“, „mille peal“, „kus“ ja asendab terve koha. Kui aga kõrvallause verbil on oma sihitis — külastasin mida, nägin mida —, on vaja which või that:

the town where I live elan kus? — where
the town (that) I visited külastasin mida? — that või mitte midagi

Eessõna läheb lõppu. Eesti keeles kinnitub seos relatiivsõna enda külge: „inimene, kellega ma töötan“ — käändelõpp on sõnas „kes“. Inglise keeles jääb eessõna oma verbi juurde, kõrvallause lõppu: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Variant the man with whom I work on olemas, kuid kõlab väga ametlikult.

when jäetakse ajasõnade järel sageli ära: I remember the day (when) we met.

Veel näiteid:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (lisav: linn on üks).
The flat we live in is quite small. Korter, milles me elame, on väike.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Kas see on see kohvik, kus sa hommikust sõid?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Juuli on kuu, mil…

Nii ei öelda. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Kõrvallause sihitis on juba nimetatud sõnaga which, teine it on üleliigne.

Kontrolli ennast. Kas lauses My father who is a doctor works in Leeds on komasid vaja? Miks ei saa öelda the town where I visited? Kuidas öelda „inimesed, kellega ma töötan“ ilma whom-ita?

näita vastuseid
on vaja — isa on üks, kõrvallause ainult lisab teavet: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit-il on sihitis, seepärast on vaja that, which või mitte midagi: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Reklaam

Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

Koma eesti reegli järgi

Eesti keeles eraldatakse iga relatiivlause komadega. Inglise keeles muudab koma tähendust. The students, who live in the city centre, pay more tähendab, et kõik üliõpilased elavad kesklinnas ja kõik maksavad rohkem. Kui tahad öelda „need üliõpilased, kes elavad kesklinnas“, komasid ei panda: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

what relatiivsõnana

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring

või The film we saw was boring. Eesti „mis“ („film, mida me nägime“) on ka küsisõna, ja nii tundub what sobivat. Kuid inglise what tähendab „see, mis“ ja asendab asja ise: I don't know what he wants. Nimisõna järel see ei seisa.

3

that lisavas

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

that tundub universaalne nagu eesti „mis“, kuid komadega kõrvallauses that-i ei ole — ainult who või which.

4

where which-i või that-i asemel

✗ This is the town where I visited

✓ This is the town I visited

Eesti „linn, kus ma käisin“ tõmbab kaasa where-i, kuid visit vajab sihitist, ja where seda ei anna.

5

Eessõna relatiivsõna ees

✗ the people with who I work

✓ the people I work with

Eesti „kellega“ on üks sõna, ja käsi kirjutab with who. Inglise keeles läheb eessõna kõrvallause lõppu.

Hääldus

3 min

Lisava relatiivlause komad on kuulda — need on pausid:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Kõrvallause ise kõlab veidi madalamalt ja kiiremini, nagu repliik sulgudes. Täpsustavas pausi pole, kõik läheb ühe fraasina:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

See on harv juhus, kus kirjavahemärk kõlab: kõrva järgi erinevad need kaks lauset just pauside poolest.

whose /huːz/ kõlab täpselt nagu who's. that on relatiivlauses rõhuta, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Reklaam

Tekst

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

30 min

1. Pane lünka who, which, whose, where või when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Näita vastuseid
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Ühenda kaks lauset üheks.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (õde on üks)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Näita vastuseid
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Kirjuta ümber, pannes komad

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (teisi naabreid meil pole)
Näita vastuseid
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Vea leidmine.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Näita vastuseid
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Linn, kus ma üles kasvasin, asub mere ääres. 2) Mu isa, kes sündis 1950. aastal, töötab siiani. 3) See on see mees, kelle auto ära varastati. 4) Inimesed, kellega ma töötan, on väga sõbralikud. 5) Ma mäletan päeva, kui me kolisime.

Näita vastuseid
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Kirjelda kohta, kus sa üles kasvasid.

Neli-viis lauset: vähemalt üks täpsustav relatiivlause, üks lisav ja üks whose, where või when-iga.

Näidis: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Reklaam

Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: täpsustavad ja lisavad relatiivlaused ning koma roll, that ainult täpsustavas, millal relatiivsõna võib ära jätta, whose, where versus which, when, eessõna kõrvallause lõpus. Edasi — 18. tund: tundide 13–17 kordamine.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 90

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

15 sõna
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ kasvama, üles kasvama
  • coast /kəʊst/ rannik
  • port /pɔːt/ sadam
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ sadam, sadamabassein
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ kitsas
  • wave /weɪv/ laine
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ tuuline
  • freeze /friːz/ külmuma, jäätuma
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ sissetulek
  • whose /huːz/ kelle, mille
  • nurse /nɜːs/ meditsiiniõde
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ pealinn
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ piloot, lendur
  • face /feɪs/ avanema (aknad millegi poole)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ kogu oma elu

Kirjutamine

Kuus lauset kohast, kus sa üles kasvasid, või inimesest, kes on sulle palju tähendanud. Kolm relatiivlauset: üks täpsustav ja kaks lisavat.

Näidis

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
Reklaam

Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

Kas sul on idee uue funktsiooni jaoks?

Saada idee
Reklaam
Reklaam