Gramatika ~53 min od osnove preostalo

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Mogu da dodam opis uz imenicu — i određujući i dodatni — i razumem po čemu se razlikuju.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 53 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 #26 spajao si dve rečenice rečima who, which, that i detaljnije opisivao osobu ili stvar. Tada su sve odnosne rečenice bile iste vrste. U stvari ih ima dve, a razlikuje ih zarez.

Određujuća odnosna rečenica (restriktivna) — bez zareza. Ona odgovara na pitanje „koji tačno?“ i izdvaja nekoga ili nešto među drugima. Bez nje se ne zna o kome je reč:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Koja žena? Ona koja živi do nas.

Dodatna odnosna rečenica (nerestriktivna) — u zarezima. Zna se i bez nje o kome ili o čemu je reč, a ona samo kaže još nešto o tome. Ako se izostavi, smisao ne trpi:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mama je jedna; usput je rečeno koliko joj je godina.

Provera: izbaci odnosnu rečenicu. Ako je i dalje jasno o kome ili o čemu je reč — ona je dodatna, i potrebni su zarezi. Ako nije — određujuća je, bez zareza.

Uporedi. Iste reči, a smisao je drugačiji:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Braće je više; reč je o onom koji živi u Italiji.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Brat je jedan; usput je rečeno gde živi.

Po čemu se još razlikuju:

određujuća dodatna
zarezi nema ih ima ih
that umesto who i which može ne može
odnosna reč može da se izostavi da, ako posle nje dolazi novi podmet ne

The film (that) we saw was boring — that može da se izostavi, posle njega stoji we. U dodatnoj rečenici odnosna reč ostaje uvek: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Dodatne odnosne rečenice češće se sreću u pisanju; u razgovoru se umesto njih često kažu dve posebne rečenice.

Sve odnosne reči:

za šta primer
who ljudi the woman who called
which stvari i životinje the car which I bought
that ljudi i stvari, samo u određujućoj the book that you lent me
whose čiji the man whose car was stolen
where mesto the town where I grew up
when vreme the summer when we met

whose zamenjuje his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Posle whose odmah dolazi imenica, bez člana. Može i za stvari: a house whose windows face the sea — mada će se češće reći a house with windows facing the sea.

where ili which. where znači „u kome“, „na kome“ i zamenjuje celo mesto. Ako glagol u odnosnoj rečenici ima svoj objekat — posetio šta, video šta, — potrebno je which ili that:

the town where I live živim gde? — where
the town (that) I visited posetio sam šta? — that ili ništa

Predlog ide na kraj. U srpskom predlog stoji ispred „koji“: „čovek s kojim radim“. U engleskom ostaje uz svoj glagol, na kraju odnosne rečenice: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Varijanta the man with whom I work postoji, ali zvuči veoma zvanično.

when se posle reči za vreme često izostavlja: I remember the day (when) we met.

Još primera:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburg (dodatna: grad je jedan).
The flat we live in is quite small. Stan u kome živimo je mali.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Je l' to kafić gde si doručkovao?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Jul je mesec kada…

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Objekat odnosne rečenice već je imenovan rečju which, drugo it je suvišno.

Proveri se. Da li su potrebni zarezi u My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Zašto ne može the town where I visited? Kako reći „ljudi s kojima radim“ bez whom?

prikaži odgovore
potrebni su — otac je jedan, odnosna rečenica samo dodaje podatak: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit ima objekat, zato je potrebno that, which ili ništa: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
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Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Jedno „koji“ za sve

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

The man who lives next door is a pilot. Srpsko „koji“ ide i uz ljude i uz stvari, sa zarezima i bez njih. Engleski bira: za ljude who, za stvari which, a that samo bez zareza.

2

what umesto that

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring

ili The film we saw was boring. Srpsko „što“ može da stoji umesto „koji“: „film što smo gledali“. Englesko what to ne može: znači „ono što“ i samo zamenjuje imenicu (I don't know what he wants). Posle imenice ne stoji.

3

Zamenica viška

✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good

I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Uz „što“ srpski ponavlja imenicu zamenicom: „knjiga što sam je kupio“, „žena što joj sin ide u moju školu“. U engleskom which već stoji na mestu objekta, a „čiji“ je whose.

4

Predlog ispred who i which

✗ the people with who I work

✓ the people I work with

Srpski stavlja predlog ispred „koji“: „ljudi s kojima radim“, „stan u kome živimo“. U engleskom predlog ostaje uz glagol, na kraju: the flat we live in.

Izgovor

3 min

Zarezi dodatne odnosne rečenice se čuju — to su pauze:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Sama odnosna rečenica zvuči malo niže i brže, kao napomena u zagradi. U određujućoj pauze nema, sve ide kao jedna fraza:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

To je redak slučaj kada se znak interpunkcije čuje: na sluh se dve rečenice razlikuju upravo po pauzama.

whose /huːz/ zvuči isto kao who's. that je u odnosnoj rečenici nenaglašeno, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

30 min

1. Popunjavanje.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Prikaži odgovore
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Spoji dve rečenice u jednu.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (sestra je samo jedna)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Prikaži odgovore
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Prepiši i stavi zareze

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (drugih komšija nemamo)
Prikaži odgovore
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Prikaži odgovore
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Grad u kome sam odrastao nalazi se pored mora. 2) Moj otac, koji je rođen 1950. godine, još uvek radi. 3) To je čovek kome su ukrali auto. 4) Ljudi s kojima radim veoma su ljubazni. 5) Sećam se dana kada smo se preselili.

Prikaži odgovore
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Opiši mesto gde si odrastao.

Četiri-pet rečenica: bar jedna određujuća odnosna rečenica, jedna dodatna i jedna sa whose, where ili when.

Primer: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: određujuće i dodatne odnosne rečenice i uloga zareza, that samo u određujućoj, kada odnosna reč može da se izostavi, whose, where naspram which, when, predlog na kraju odnosne rečenice. Sledi lekcija 18: ponavljanje lekcija 13–17.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 90

opciono

Reči za špil

15 reči
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ odrastati, odrasti
  • coast /kəʊst/ obala
  • port /pɔːt/ luka
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ luka, pristanište
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ uzak
  • wave /weɪv/ talas
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vetrovit
  • freeze /friːz/ smrzavati se, zaleđivati se
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ prihod
  • whose /huːz/ čiji
  • nurse /nɜːs/ medicinska sestra, medicinski tehničar
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ glavni grad
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ gledati na (o prozorima)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ ceo život

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o mestu gde si odrastao ili o čoveku koji ti mnogo znači. Tri odnosne rečenice: jedna određujuća i dve dodatne.

Primer

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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