Grammatikk ~53 min av kjernen gjenstår

Beskrive en person og et sted nøyaktig

Etter denne leksjonen kan du

Jeg kan legge til en beskrivelse av noe — både en avgrensende og en tilføyende — og jeg forstår forskjellen mellom dem.

Start leksjonen Kjerne 53 min · trinn: 6 · valgfritt: +2

Oppgitt kjernetid. To av kjerneblokkene har ingen tidsangivelse, så den reelle leksjonen er lengre enn summen.

Grammatikk

15 min

På A2 #26 slo du sammen to setninger med who, which, that og beskrev en person eller en ting mer utførlig. Den gang var alle relativsetningene av samme slag. I virkeligheten finnes det to slag, og det som skiller dem, er kommaet.

Den avgrensende relativsetningen — uten komma. Den svarer på spørsmålet «hvilken?» og skiller ut det det gjelder, blant andre. Uten den er det uklart hvem man snakker om:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Hvilken kvinne? Hun som bor ved siden av.

Den tilføyende relativsetningen — med komma. Det er allerede kjent hva det gjelder, og relativsetningen forteller bare noe mer om det. Tar man den bort, går ikke meningen tapt:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Man har bare én mor; samtidig får vi vite hvor gammel hun er.

Testen: stryk relativsetningen. Er det fortsatt klart hvem eller hva det gjelder, er den tilføyende, og da trengs komma. Hvis ikke, er den avgrensende, uten komma.

Sammenlign. De samme ordene, men forskjellig mening:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Det er flere brødre; det gjelder han som bor i Italia.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Det er bare én bror; samtidig får vi vite hvor han bor.

Hva mer som skiller dem:

avgrensende tilføyende
komma nei ja
that i stedet for who og which kan brukes kan ikke brukes
relativpronomenet kan sløyfes ja, hvis det kommer et nytt subjekt etter det nei

The film (that) we saw was boring — that kan sløyfes, etter det står we. I en tilføyende relativsetning blir relativpronomenet alltid stående: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Tilføyende relativsetninger er vanligere i skrift; i samtale sier man ofte to separate setninger i stedet.

Alle relativpronomenene:

om hva eksempel
who personer the woman who called
which ting og dyr the car which I bought
that personer og ting, bare i avgrensende the book that you lent me
whose hvis, som har the man whose car was stolen
where sted the town where I grew up
when tid the summer when we met

whose erstatter his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Etter whose kommer substantivet straks, uten artikkel. Det kan også brukes om ting: a house whose windows face the sea — selv om man oftere sier a house with windows facing the sea.

where eller which. where betyr «der», «hvor» og erstatter et helt sted. Har verbet i relativsetningen sitt eget objekt — besøkte hva, så hva — trengs which eller that:

the town where I live bor hvor? — where
the town (that) I visited besøkte hva? — that eller ingenting

Preposisjonen havner til slutt. Her fungerer engelsk som norsk: «mannen (som) jeg jobber med». Preposisjonen blir stående ved verbet sitt, sist i relativsetningen: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Varianten the man with whom I work finnes, men den høres svært formell ut.

when sløyfes ofte etter tidsord: I remember the day (when) we met.

Flere eksempler:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (tilføyende: det finnes bare én slik by).
The flat we live in is quite small. Leiligheten vi bor i, er ganske liten.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Er det den kafeen der du spiste frokost?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Juli er måneden da …

Slik sier man ikke. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Objektet i relativsetningen er allerede nevnt med ordet which, og en ekstra it er overflødig.

Test deg selv. Trengs det komma i My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Hvorfor kan man ikke si the town where I visited? Hvordan sier man «folkene jeg jobber med» uten whom?

vis svarene
ja — man har bare én far, relativsetningen gir bare tilleggsopplysninger: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit har et objekt, derfor trengs that, which eller ingenting: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Annonse

Typiske feil hos norsktalende

skrevet for ditt språk
1

Komma etter norsk regel

På norsk settes det komma etter en relativsetning midt i setningen: «Kvinnen som bor ved siden av, er sykepleier». ✗ The woman who lives next door, is a nurse → ✓ The woman who lives next door is a nurse. På engelsk endrer kommaet meningen: The students, who live in the city centre, pay more betyr at alle studentene bor i sentrum og alle betaler mer. Mener du «de studentene som bor i sentrum», skal det ikke være komma: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

which om personer

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ The man who lives next door is a pilot

Norsk «som» brukes om både personer og ting (A2 #26). Om personer bruker engelsk who eller that.

3

that etter komma

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

Norsk «som» står i begge slags relativsetninger, og that virker like universelt. Men i en relativsetning med komma står det aldri that — bare who eller which.

Uttale

3 min

Kommaene rundt en tilføyende relativsetning høres — de er pauser:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Selve relativsetningen uttales litt lavere og raskere, som en kommentar i parentes. I en avgrensende relativsetning er det ingen pause, alt går i ett:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Dette er et sjeldent tilfelle der et skilletegn høres: for øret skilles de to setningene nettopp av pausene.

whose /huːz/ uttales akkurat som who's. that i en relativsetning er trykksvak, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Annonse

Tekst

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Høytlesing

Øvelser

30 min

1. Sett inn who, which, whose, where eller when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Vis svarene
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Slå sammen to setninger til én.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (bare én søster)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Vis svarene
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Skriv om og sett komma

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (vi har ingen andre naboer)
Vis svarene
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Feilretting.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film we saw, was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Vis svarene
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Oversett til engelsk.

1) Byen der jeg vokste opp, ligger ved havet. 2) Faren min, som ble født i 1950, jobber fortsatt. 3) Det er mannen hvis bil ble stjålet. 4) Folkene jeg jobber med, er veldig vennlige. 5) Jeg husker dagen da vi flyttet.

Vis svarene
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Beskriv stedet der du vokste opp.

Fire–fem setninger: minst én avgrensende relativsetning, én tilføyende og én med whose, where eller when.

Eksempel: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Annonse

Oppsummering

Gjennomgått: avgrensende og tilføyende relativsetninger og kommaets rolle, that bare i avgrensende, når relativpronomenet kan sløyfes, whose, where mot which, when, preposisjonen sist i relativsetningen. Neste: leksjon 18 — repetisjon av leksjon 13–17.

Slutt på kjernen

Leksjonen regnes som fullført når øvelsene er gjort. Alt etter dette er valgfritt.

Leksjon 90

valgfritt

Ord til kortstokken

15 ord
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ vokse opp
  • coast /kəʊst/ kyst
  • port /pɔːt/ havn (med industri og skipsfart)
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ havn
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ smal, trang
  • wave /weɪv/ bølge
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vindfull
  • freeze /friːz/ fryse (til)
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ inntekt
  • whose /huːz/ hvis, som har
  • nurse /nɜːs/ sykepleier
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ hovedstad
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot, flyger
  • face /feɪs/ vende mot (om vinduer)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ hele livet

Skriving

Seks setninger om stedet der du vokste opp, eller om en person som betyr mye for deg. Tre relativsetninger: én avgrensende og to tilføyende.

Eksempel

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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