Tatabahasa ~53 min daripada teras tinggal

Menerangkan orang dan tempat dengan tepat

Selepas pelajaran ini anda boleh

Saya boleh menambah keterangan kepada sesuatu — sama ada keterangan pembatas atau keterangan tambahan — dan faham perbezaan antara kedua-duanya.

Mulakan pelajaran Teras 53 min · langkah: 6 · pilihan: +2

Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.

Tatabahasa

15 min

Di A2 #26 anda menggabungkan dua ayat dengan who, which, that dan menerangkan seseorang atau sesuatu dengan lebih terperinci. Ketika itu semua klausa relatif dianggap satu jenis. Sebenarnya ada dua jenis, dan yang membezakannya ialah koma.

Klausa pembatas — tanpa koma. Ia menjawab soalan “yang mana satu?” dan memisahkan benda itu daripada yang lain. Tanpanya tidak jelas siapa yang dimaksudkan:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Wanita yang mana? Yang tinggal di sebelah.

Klausa tambahan — diapit koma. Benda itu sudah diketahui, dan klausa itu hanya memberitahu sesuatu yang lain tentangnya. Jika ia dibuang, maknanya tidak terjejas:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Ibu hanya seorang; sambil lalu disebut umurnya.

Cara menyemak: buang klausa itu. Jika masih jelas siapa atau apa yang dimaksudkan — ia klausa tambahan, dan koma diperlukan. Jika tidak — klausa pembatas, tanpa koma.

Bandingkan. Perkataannya sama, tetapi maknanya berbeza:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Saudara lelaki saya ada beberapa orang; yang dimaksudkan ialah yang tinggal di Itali.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Saudara lelaki saya hanya seorang; sambil lalu disebut di mana dia tinggal.

Perbezaan lain antara kedua-duanya:

klausa pembatas klausa tambahan
koma tiada ada
that sebagai ganti who dan which boleh tidak boleh
kata relatif boleh digugurkan ya, jika selepasnya ada subjek baharu tidak

The film (that) we saw was boring — that boleh digugurkan, selepasnya ada we. Dalam klausa tambahan kata relatif sentiasa kekal: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Klausa tambahan lebih kerap ditemui dalam tulisan; dalam perbualan orang sering menggantikannya dengan dua ayat berasingan.

Semua kata relatif:

untuk contoh
who orang the woman who called
which benda dan haiwan the car which I bought
that orang dan benda, hanya dalam klausa pembatas the book that you lent me
whose milik siapa, “yang …-nya” the man whose car was stolen
where tempat the town where I grew up
when masa the summer when we met

whose menggantikan his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. — “seorang wanita yang anaknya…”. Terus selepas whose datang kata nama, tanpa kata sandang. Ia boleh digunakan juga untuk benda: a house whose windows face the sea — walaupun lebih kerap orang berkata a house with windows facing the sea.

where atau which. where bermaksud “tempat … di situ” dan menggantikan seluruh tempat itu: bandar tempat saya tinggal. Tetapi jika kata kerja dalam klausa itu mempunyai objeknya sendiri — melawat apa, melihat apa — diperlukan which atau that:

the town where I live tinggal di mana? — where
the town (that) I visited melawat apa? — that atau digugurkan

Kata sendi nama pergi ke hujung. Dalam bahasa Melayu kata sendi nama biasanya hilang dalam klausa “yang”, atau ayat itu disusun lain: “rumah yang kami diami”, “orang yang bekerja dengan saya”. Dalam bahasa Inggeris ia kekal bersama kata kerjanya, di hujung klausa: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Pilihan the man with whom I work wujud, tetapi kedengaran sangat rasmi.

when selepas perkataan masa sering digugurkan: I remember the day (when) we met.

Contoh lain:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (klausa tambahan: bandar itu hanya satu).
The flat we live in is quite small. Rumah pangsa yang kami diami agak kecil.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Itukah kafe tempat awak bersarapan?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Julai ialah bulan ketika…

Jangan sebut begini. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Objek klausa itu sudah dinamakan oleh which, jadi it yang kedua berlebihan.

Uji diri anda. Perlukah koma dalam My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Mengapa the town where I visited tidak boleh? Bagaimana hendak mengatakan “orang-orang yang bekerja dengan saya” tanpa whom?

tunjukkan jawapan
perlu — ayah hanya seorang, klausa itu hanya menambah maklumat: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit mempunyai objek, jadi diperlukan that, which atau tiada apa-apa: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
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Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu

ditulis untuk bahasa anda
1

who her sebagai ganti whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✗ the man who his car was stolen

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

the man whose car was stolen. “Wanita yang anaknya…”, “lelaki yang keretanya dicuri” — “yang” menjadi who, dan “-nya” menjadi her atau his. Dalam bahasa Inggeris satu perkataan melakukan kedua-dua tugas: whose.

2

that dalam klausa tambahan

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

“Yang” dalam bahasa Melayu sama sahaja, ada koma atau tidak, jadi that juga seolah-olah boleh digunakan di mana-mana. Tetapi dalam klausa yang diapit koma tiada that — hanya who atau which. Dan koma itu mengubah makna: My mother who is seventy tanpa koma bermaksud anda ada lebih daripada seorang ibu.

3

Kata sendi nama yang hilang di hujung

✗ The flat that we live is small

✗ the people I work

✓ The flat that we live in is small

the people I work with. “Rumah yang kami tinggal” — dalam bahasa Melayu ayat ini lengkap tanpa “di”. Tetapi live memerlukan in dan work memerlukan with, walaupun di hujung klausa.

4

which untuk orang

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ The man who lives next door is a pilot

Ini kesilapan dari A2 #26 yang masih kerap muncul: “yang” sama untuk orang dan benda, tetapi bahasa Inggeris memilih who untuk orang.

Sebutan

3 min

Koma dalam klausa tambahan boleh didengar — ia ialah jeda:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Klausa itu sendiri disebut sedikit lebih rendah dan lebih laju, seperti kata-kata dalam kurungan. Dalam klausa pembatas tiada jeda, semuanya disebut sebagai satu frasa:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Ini kes yang jarang berlaku, apabila tanda baca boleh didengar: semasa mendengar, dua ayat itu dibezakan oleh jeda.

whose /huːz/ berbunyi sama seperti who's. that dalam klausa relatif tanpa tekanan, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

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Teks

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Membaca kuat

Latihan

30 min

1. Isikan who, which, whose, where atau when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Tunjukkan jawapan
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Gabungkan dua ayat menjadi satu.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (saudara perempuan hanya seorang)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Tunjukkan jawapan
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Tulis semula dan letakkan koma

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (kami tiada jiran lain)
Tunjukkan jawapan
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Pengesanan kesilapan.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The flat that we live is quite small.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Tunjukkan jawapan
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The flat that we live in is quite small / The flat we live in is quite small / The flat which we live in is quite small / The flat where we live is quite small / The flat in which we live is quite small; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.

1) Bandar tempat saya membesar terletak di tepi laut. 2) Ayah saya, yang dilahirkan pada tahun 1950, masih bekerja. 3) Inilah lelaki yang keretanya dicuri. 4) Orang-orang yang bekerja dengan saya sangat peramah. 5) Saya ingat hari kami berpindah.

Tunjukkan jawapan
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Terangkan tempat anda membesar.

Empat atau lima ayat: sekurang-kurangnya satu klausa pembatas, satu klausa tambahan dan satu dengan whose, where atau when.

Contoh: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

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Rumusan

Telah dipelajari: klausa pembatas dan klausa tambahan serta peranan koma, that hanya dalam klausa pembatas, bila kata relatif boleh digugurkan, whose, where berbanding which, when, kata sendi nama di hujung klausa. Seterusnya — pelajaran 18: ulang kaji pelajaran 13–17.

Tamat teras

Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.

Pelajaran 90

pilihan

Kosa kata untuk dek

15 perkataan
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ membesar
  • coast /kəʊst/ pantai, pesisir
  • port /pɔːt/ pelabuhan
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ labuhan, pelabuhan kecil
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ sempit
  • wave /weɪv/ ombak
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ berangin
  • freeze /friːz/ membeku
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ pendapatan
  • whose /huːz/ milik siapa
  • nurse /nɜːs/ jururawat
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ ibu negara
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ juruterbang
  • face /feɪs/ menghadap (ke)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ sepanjang hayatnya

Penulisan

Enam ayat tentang tempat anda membesar, atau tentang seseorang yang sangat bermakna bagi anda. Tiga klausa relatif: satu klausa pembatas dan dua klausa tambahan.

Contoh

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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