Gramatika ~53 min no pamata palicis

Precīzi aprakstīt cilvēku un vietu

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu pievienot priekšmetam aprakstu — gan precizējošu, gan papildinošu — un saprotu, ar ko tie atšķiras.

Sākt mācību Kodols 53 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

15 min

A2 #26 jūs savienojāt divus teikumus ar vārdiem who, which, that un sīkāk aprakstījāt cilvēku vai lietu. Toreiz visi palīgteikumi bija viena veida. Patiesībā to ir divi, un tos atšķir komats.

Precizējošais palīgteikums — bez komatiem. Tas atbild uz jautājumu „kurš tieši?” un izceļ priekšmetu starp citiem. Bez tā nav skaidrs, par ko ir runa:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Kura sieviete? Tā, kas dzīvo blakus.

Papildinošais palīgteikums — komatos. Priekšmets jau tā ir zināms, un palīgteikums tikai pastāsta par to vēl kaut ko. Ja to izmet, nozīme necieš:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mamma ir viena; starp citu pateikts, cik viņai gadu.

Pārbaude: izmetiet palīgteikumu. Ja joprojām ir skaidrs, par ko vai par kuru ir runa, — tas ir papildinošais, un vajag komatus. Ja nav — precizējošais, bez komatiem.

Salīdziniet. Tie paši vārdi, bet nozīme cita:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Brāļi ir vairāki; runa par to, kas dzīvo Itālijā.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Brālis ir viens; starp citu pateikts, kur viņš dzīvo.

Ar ko vēl tie atšķiras:

precizējošais papildinošais
komati nav ir
that who un which vietā var nevar
var izlaist attieksmes vārdu jā, ja aiz tā ir jauns teikuma priekšmets nē

The film (that) we saw was boring — that var izlaist, aiz tā stāv we. Papildinošajā attieksmes vārds paliek vienmēr: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Papildinošie palīgteikumi biežāk sastopami rakstos; sarunā to vietā nereti saka divus atsevišķus teikumus.

Visi attieksmes vārdi:

par ko piemērs
who cilvēki the woman who called
which lietas un dzīvnieki the car which I bought
that cilvēki un lietas, tikai precizējošajā the book that you lent me
whose kura, kuras (piederība) the man whose car was stolen
where vieta the town where I grew up
when laiks the summer when we met

whose aizstāj his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Aiz whose uzreiz nāk lietvārds, bez artikula. Der arī lietām: a house whose windows face the sea — lai gan biežāk teiks a house with windows facing the sea.

where vai which. where nozīmē „kurā”, „uz kura” un aizstāj veselu vietu. Bet ja palīgteikuma darbības vārdam ir savs priekšmets — apmeklēja ko, redzēja ko —, vajag which vai that:

the town where I live dzīvoju kur? — where
the town (that) I visited apmeklēju ko? — that vai nekas

Prievārds aiziet uz beigām. Latviski prievārds stāv pirms „kurš”: „cilvēks, ar kuru es strādāju”. Angliski tas paliek pie sava darbības vārda, palīgteikuma beigās: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Variants the man with whom I work pastāv, bet skan ļoti oficiāli.

when pēc laika vārdiem bieži izlaiž: I remember the day (when) we met.

Vēl piemēri:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburga (papildinošais: pilsēta ir viena).
The flat we live in is quite small. Dzīvoklis, kurā mēs dzīvojam, ir mazs.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Vai tā ir tā kafejnīca, kur tu brokastoji?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Jūlijs ir mēnesis, kad…

Tā nesaka. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Palīgteikuma priekšmets jau ir nosaukts ar vārdu which, otrs it ir lieks.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Vai vajag komatus teikumā My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Kāpēc nevar the town where I visited? Kā pateikt „cilvēki, ar kuriem es strādāju” bez whom?

rādīt atbildes
vajag — tēvs ir viens, palīgteikums tikai pievieno ziņas: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit ir priekšmets, tāpēc vajag that, which vai neko: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
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Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

Komats pēc latviešu likuma

Latviski palīgteikumu ar „kas” vai „kurš” vienmēr atdala ar komatiem. Angliski komats maina nozīmi. The students, who live in the city centre, pay more nozīmē, ka visi studenti dzīvo centrā un visi maksā vairāk. Ja gribat pateikt „tie studenti, kas dzīvo centrā”, komatus neliek: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

that papildinošajā

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

Latviešu „kas” der visos gadījumos („brālis, kas dzīvo Itālijā”), un that šķiet tikpat universāls. Bet palīgteikumā ar komatiem that nav — tikai who vai which.

3

where which vai that vietā

✗ This is the town where I visited

✓ This is the town I visited

Latviski pēc vietas vārda bieži stāv „kur” („pilsēta, kur es dzīvoju”), un tas velk līdzi where. Bet where jau nozīmē „kurā”. Ja darbības vārdam vajag priekšmetu, where to nedod.

4

what that vietā

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring

vai The film we saw was boring. Latviski „filma, ko mēs redzējām” — tas pats „ko”, kas jautājumā „Ko tu redzēji?”, tāpēc prasās what. Bet angļu what nozīmē „to, ko” un pats aizstāj priekšmetu: I don't know what he wants. Aiz lietvārda to neliek.

Izruna

3 min

Papildinošā palīgteikuma komati ir dzirdami — tās ir pauzes:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Pats palīgteikums skan mazliet zemāk un ātrāk, kā piezīme iekavās. Precizējošajā pauzes nav, viss iet vienā frāzē:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Tas ir rets gadījums, kad pieturzīme skan: uz dzirdi abus teikumus atšķir tieši pauzes.

whose /huːz/ skan tāpat kā who's. that palīgteikumā ir neuzsvērts, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

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Teksts

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

30 min

1. Ievietojiet who, which, whose, where vai when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Rādīt atbildes
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Apvienojiet divus teikumus vienā.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (māsa ir viena)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Rādīt atbildes
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Pārrakstiet, saliekot komatus

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (citu kaimiņu mums nav)
Rādīt atbildes
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Rādīt atbildes
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Pilsēta, kur es uzaugu, atrodas pie jūras. 2) Mans tēvs, kas dzimis 1950. gadā, joprojām strādā. 3) Tas ir tas cilvēks, kuram nozaga mašīnu. 4) Cilvēki, ar kuriem es strādāju, ir ļoti draudzīgi. 5) Es atceros dienu, kad mēs pārvācāmies.

Rādīt atbildes
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Aprakstiet vietu, kur jūs uzaugāt.

Četri pieci teikumi: vismaz viens precizējošais palīgteikums, viens papildinošais un viens ar whose, where vai when.

Paraugs: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

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Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: precizējošie un papildinošie palīgteikumi un komata loma, that tikai precizējošajā, kad var izlaist attieksmes vārdu, whose, where pret which, when, prievārds palīgteikuma beigās. Tālāk — 18. nodarbība: 13.–17. nodarbības atkārtojums.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 90

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

15 vārdi
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ augt, izaugt
  • coast /kəʊst/ piekraste
  • port /pɔːt/ osta
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ osta, ostas akvatorija
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ šaurs
  • wave /weɪv/ vilnis
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vējains
  • freeze /friːz/ sasalt
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ ienākumi
  • whose /huːz/ kā, kura (piederība)
  • nurse /nɜːs/ medmāsa, medbrālis
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ galvaspilsēta
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilots
  • face /feɪs/ būt vērstam uz (par logiem)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ visu mūžu

Rakstīšana

Seši teikumi par vietu, kur jūs uzaugāt, vai par cilvēku, kas jums daudz nozīmē. Trīs palīgteikumi: viens precizējošais un divi papildinošie.

Paraugs

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

Pašpārbaudes saraksts

Melnraksts saglabāts šajā ierīcē
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Praktizē šo nodarbību citās sadaļās

Diktātsbalstīts uz šo mācību Pierakstiet, ko dzirdat. Pārbaude parāda katru atšķirīgo vārdu un kā. Rakstīt diktātu Lasīšana skaļibalstīts uz šo mācību Lasiet mācības tekstu skaļi — runas atpazīšana izceļ vārdus, kurus tā nesadzirdēja. Lasīt tekstu skaļi Lasīšana un klausīšanāsA1–C1 Teksti visos līmeņos ar izpratnes jautājumiem; transkripts atveras pēc atbildes. Izmēģināt

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