Grammatik ~53 min af kernen tilbage

Beskrive en person og et sted præcist

Efter denne lektion kan du

Jeg kan føje en beskrivelse til et substantiv — både en præciserende og en tilføjende — og jeg forstår forskellen mellem dem.

Start lektionen Kerne 53 min · trin: 6 · valgfri: +2

Angivet kernemængde. To af kerneblokkene har ingen tid, så den reelle lektion er længere end summen.

Grammatik

15 min

I lektion A2 #26 satte du to sætninger sammen med who, which og that og beskrev en person eller en ting mere udførligt. Dengang var alle relativsætningerne af samme slags. I virkeligheden er der to slags, og det, der skiller dem ad, er kommaet.

Den præciserende relativsætning — uden komma. Den svarer på spørgsmålet »hvilken?« og udpeger noget blandt andre. Uden den er det uklart, hvem der er tale om:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Hvilken kvinde? Hende, der bor ved siden af.

Den tilføjende relativsætning — med komma. Det er allerede klart, hvem eller hvad der er tale om, og relativsætningen fortæller bare noget mere. Fjerner man den, går meningen ikke tabt:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Man har kun én mor; samtidig får vi at vide, hvor gammel hun er.

Prøven: stryg relativsætningen. Er det stadig klart, hvem eller hvad der er tale om, er den tilføjende, og der skal komma. Hvis ikke, er den præciserende, uden komma.

Sammenlign. De samme ord, men en anden mening:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Der er flere brødre; det drejer sig om ham, der bor i Italien.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Der er kun én bror; samtidig får vi at vide, hvor han bor.

Hvad de ellers adskiller sig ved:

præciserende tilføjende
komma nej ja
that i stedet for who og which kan bruges kan ikke bruges
det relative pronomen kan udelades ja, hvis der følger et nyt subjekt nej

The film (that) we saw was boring — that kan udelades, for derefter står we. I en tilføjende relativsætning bliver det relative pronomen altid stående: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Tilføjende relativsætninger er mest almindelige på skrift; i tale siger man ofte to selvstændige sætninger i stedet.

Alle de relative ord:

om hvad eksempel
who personer the woman who called
which ting og dyr the car which I bought
that personer og ting, kun i præciserende the book that you lent me
whose hvis the man whose car was stolen
where sted the town where I grew up
when tid the summer when we met

whose erstatter his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Efter whose kommer substantivet straks, uden artikel — ligesom efter dansk »hvis«. Det kan også bruges om ting: a house whose windows face the sea — selvom man oftere siger a house with windows facing the sea.

where eller which. where betyder »hvor« og erstatter et helt sted. Har verbet i relativsætningen sit eget objekt — besøgte hvad, så hvad — skal det være which eller that:

the town where I live bor hvor? — where
the town (that) I visited besøgte hvad? — that eller ingenting

Dansk skelner på samme måde: »byen, hvor jeg bor«, men »byen, (som) jeg besøgte«.

Præpositionen rykker om til sidst. Den bliver stående ved sit verbum, sidst i relativsætningen: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Her gør dansk det samme: »manden, jeg arbejder sammen med«, »lejligheden, vi bor i«. Varianten the man with whom I work findes, men lyder meget formel.

when udelades tit efter ord for tid: I remember the day (when) we met.

Flere eksempler:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (tilføjende: der er kun én by af det navn).
The flat we live in is quite small. Lejligheden, vi bor i, er ret lille.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Er det den café, hvor du spiste morgenmad?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Juli er den måned, hvor…

Sådan siger man ikke. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Objektet i relativsætningen er allerede nævnt med which, og et ekstra it er overflødigt.

Test dig selv. Skal der komma i My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Hvorfor kan man ikke sige the town where I visited? Hvordan siger man »de mennesker, jeg arbejder sammen med« uden whom?

vis svarene
ja — man har kun én far, og relativsætningen tilføjer bare en oplysning: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit har et objekt, så det skal være that, which eller ingenting: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Annonce

Typiske fejl hos dansktalende

skrevet til dit sprog
1

Komma efter dansk regel

På dansk sætter man komma efter en relativsætning midt i sætningen, og mange sætter også komma foran den. ✗ The woman who lives next door, is a nurse → ✓ The woman who lives next door is a nurse. På engelsk ændrer kommaet meningen: The students, who live in the city centre, pay more betyder, at alle de studerende bor i centrum, og at alle betaler mere. Mener du »de studerende, der bor i centrum«, skal der intet komma være: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

that efter komma

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

Dansk »som« bruges i begge slags relativsætninger, og that virker lige så universelt. Men i en relativsætning med komma står der aldrig that — kun who eller which.

3

which om personer

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ The man who lives next door is a pilot

Dansk »som« og »der« bruges om både personer og ting (lektion A2 #26). Om personer bruger engelsk who eller that.

Udtale

3 min

Kommaerne i en tilføjende relativsætning kan høres — de er pauser:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Selve relativsætningen lyder en anelse lavere og hurtigere, som en replik i parentes. I den præciserende er der ingen pause, det hele siges i ét:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Det er et af de sjældne tilfælde, hvor tegnsætningen kan høres: for øret skilles de to sætninger netop ad af pauserne.

whose /huːz/ lyder præcis som who's. that i en relativsætning er tryksvagt, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Annonce

Tekst

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Læs højt

Øvelser

30 min

1. Indsæt who, which, whose, where eller when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Vis svarene
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Sæt de to sætninger sammen til én.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (du har kun én søster)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Vis svarene
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Skriv sætningerne om, og sæt komma

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (vi har ingen andre naboer)
Vis svarene
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Fejlfinding.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film we saw, was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Vis svarene
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Oversæt til engelsk.

1) Byen, hvor jeg voksede op, ligger ved havet. 2) Min far, som blev født i 1950, arbejder stadig. 3) Det er den mand, hvis bil blev stjålet. 4) De mennesker, jeg arbejder sammen med, er meget venlige. 5) Jeg kan huske den dag, da vi flyttede.

Vis svarene
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Beskriv det sted, hvor du voksede op.

Fire-fem sætninger: mindst én præciserende relativsætning, én tilføjende og én med whose, where eller when.

Eksempel: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Annonce

Opsummering

Gennemgået: præciserende og tilføjende relativsætninger og kommaets rolle, that kun i den præciserende, hvornår det relative pronomen kan udelades, whose, where over for which, when, præpositionen sidst i relativsætningen. Næste: lektion 18 — repetition af lektion 13–17.

Kernen slut

Lektionen tælles som færdig, når øvelserne er udført. Alt efter dette er valgfrit.

Lektion 90

valgfri

Ordforråd til kortbunken

15 ord
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ vokse op
  • coast /kəʊst/ kyst
  • port /pɔːt/ havn, havneby
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ havn (selve havnebassinet)
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ smal
  • wave /weɪv/ bølge
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ blæsende
  • freeze /friːz/ fryse til
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ indkomst
  • whose /huːz/ hvis
  • nurse /nɜːs/ sygeplejerske
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ hovedstad
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ vende ud mod (om vinduer)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ hele sit liv

Skrivning

Seks sætninger om det sted, hvor du voksede op, eller om et menneske, der betyder meget for dig. Tre relativsætninger: én præciserende og to tilføjende.

Eksempel

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

Tjekliste

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