准确地描述人和地方
能给名词加上描述——既有限定性的，也有补充性的——并且明白它们有什么不同。
标注的核心时长。核心模块中有两项未标注时长，因此实际课时比总和更长。
语法
15 分钟在 A2 第26课，你用 who、which、that 把两个句子连起来，更详细地描述一个人或一样东西。那时所有的定语从句都是同一种。其实定语从句有两种，区分它们的是逗号。
限制性定语从句——不用逗号。 它回答“哪一个？”的问题，把这个人或东西从同类中挑出来。没有它，就不知道说的是谁：
The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — 哪个女人？住在隔壁的那个。
非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开。 说的是谁本来就清楚，从句只是顺便补充一点信息。去掉它，意思也不受影响：
My mother, who is seventy, still works. — 妈妈只有一个；顺便说了她多大年纪。
检验方法：把从句去掉。如果仍然清楚说的是谁、是什么，它就是非限制性的，要加逗号。如果不清楚了，它就是限制性的，不加逗号。
比较一下。 同样的词，意思却不同：
| My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. | 我有几个兄弟；说的是住在意大利的那个。 |
| My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. | 我只有一个兄弟；顺便说了他住在哪儿。 |
它们还有哪些不同：
| 限制性 | 非限制性 | |
|---|---|---|
| 逗号 | 没有 | 有 |
| 用 that 代替 who 和 which | 可以 | 不可以 |
| 可以省略关系代词 | 可以，如果后面紧跟着另一个主语 | 不可以 |
The film (that) we saw was boring——that 可以省略，因为后面是 we。在非限制性从句里，关系代词总是保留：The film, which we saw last week, was boring. 非限制性定语从句多用于书面语；口语里常常用两个单独的句子来代替。
所有的关系词：
| 指什么 | 例子 | |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | the woman who called |
| which | 物和动物 | the car which I bought |
| that | 人和物，只用于限制性从句 | the book that you lent me |
| whose | 谁的，……的 | the man whose car was stolen |
| where | 地点 | the town where I grew up |
| when | 时间 | the summer when we met |
whose 代替 his、her、their、its：I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. whose 后面直接跟名词，不加冠词。它也可以指物： a house whose windows face the sea——不过更常见的说法是 a house with windows facing the sea。
where 还是 which。 where 的意思是“在那里”，代替整个地点。如果从句里的动词有自己的宾语—— 参观了什么，看到了什么——就要用 which 或 that：
| the town where I live | 住在哪儿？——where |
| the town (that) I visited | 参观了什么？——that 或者不用 |
介词放在最后。 汉语说“我们住的公寓”“和我一起工作的人”，介词要么不出现，要么放在动词前面。英语里介词留在它的动词旁边，放在从句的末尾：the man (who) I work with，the flat (that) we live in，the people I spoke to。the man with whom I work 这种说法也有，但听起来非常正式。
when 在表示时间的词后面常常省略：I remember the day (when) we met.
更多例句：
| Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. | 爱丁堡（非限制性：城市只有一个）。 |
| The flat we live in is quite small. | 我们住的公寓很小。 |
| Is that the café where you had breakfast? | 这就是你吃早饭的那家咖啡馆吗？ |
| July is the month when most people go on holiday. | 七月是……的月份。 |
不能这样说。 ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good。从句里的宾语已经由 which 表示了，再加 it 就多余了。
自我检测。 My father who is a doctor works in Leeds 需要加逗号吗？为什么不能说 the town where I visited？“和我一起工作的人”不用 whom 怎么说？
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中文母语者的常见错误
已针对你的语言编写主语位置的关系代词被省掉。
✗ I have a friend works in a bank
✓ I have a friend who works in a bank
。汉语“我有个朋友在银行工作”不需要任何连接词，英语照搬就出现了两个谓语。关系代词后面紧跟着动词时，它就是从句的主语，不能省。
漏掉从句末尾的介词。
✗ The flat we live is small
✓ The flat we live in is small
。汉语 “我们住的公寓”里没有介词，可是英语说 live in a flat，变成从句后 in 也要留在末尾。
不用逗号区分两种从句。
汉语的定语都放在名词前面，没有逗号的区别，于是英语里逗号常常被漏掉。 ✗ My mother who is seventy still works，听起来像你有好几个妈妈。说话的对象只有一个时，要加逗号： ✓ My mother, who is seventy, still works。
用 where 代替 which 或 that。
✗ This is the town where I visited
✓ This is the town I visited
。“地方”“城市”让人想到 where，可是 where 本身就是“在那里”。动词需要宾语时，where 给不了。
发音
3 分钟非限制性从句的逗号听得出来——那是停顿：
My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.
从句本身读得稍低、稍快，像括号里的插话。限制性从句没有停顿，整句一口气说完：
My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.
这是标点符号能听出来的少见的情况：听的时候，两个句子正是靠停顿区分的。
whose /huːz/ 和 who's 读音一样。从句里的 that 不重读，读 /ðət/： the book that you lent me——/ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/。
课文
5 分钟The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.
My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.
We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.
Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.
练习
30 分钟1. 填入 who、which、whose、where 或 when。
- The town I grew up is on the coast
- The man car was stolen called the police
- I'll never forget the day we met
- My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
- Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
- Is this the café you had breakfast?
- She's the colleague I told you about
- I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
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2. 把两个句子合成一句。
- I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
- My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher.（只有一个姐妹）
- This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
- The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
- Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
- The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
- I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
- The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
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3. 改写，在非限制性从句前后加逗号。
- My mother who is a nurse works at night.
- The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
- London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
- The book that you lent me was great.
- Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs.（我们没有别的邻居）
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4. 找出错误并改正。
- My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
- This is the town where I visited last year.
- I have a friend works in a bank.
- The man which lives next door is a pilot.
- The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
- I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
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5. 译成英语。
1) 我长大的那个小城在海边。 2) 我父亲生于1950年，现在还在工作。 3) 这就是那个车被偷了的人。 4) 和我一起工作的人都很友好。 5) 我记得我们搬家的那一天。
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6. 描述你长大的地方。
写四五个句子：至少有一个限制性从句、一个非限制性从句，还有一个用 whose、 where 或 when 的从句。
范例：I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.
小结
本课已学：限制性和非限制性定语从句以及逗号的作用，that 只用于限制性从句，什么时候可以省略关系词， whose，where 和 which 的区别，when，介词放在从句末尾。下一课——第18课：复习第13–17课。
核心内容结束
完成练习后即视为课程结束。此后的内容均为可选。
可选
词卡词汇
15 词- grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ 长大
- coast /kəʊst/ 海岸，海边
- port /pɔːt/ 港口
- harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ 港湾，海港
- narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ 窄的
- wave /weɪv/ 波浪
- windy /ˈwɪndi/ 有风的，刮风的
- freeze /friːz/ 结冰，冻住
- income /ˈɪnkʌm/ 收入
- whose /huːz/ 谁的
- nurse /nɜːs/ 护士
- capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ 首都
- pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ 飞行员
- face /feɪs/ （窗户）朝着，面向
- all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ 一辈子
写作
写六个句子，说说你长大的地方，或者一个对你很重要的人。要有三个定语从句：一个限制性的，两个非限制性的。
范例： The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.
检查清单：限制性从句不加逗号，非限制性从句加逗号吗？非限制性从句里没有 that 吧？where 只用在动词没有自己宾语的地方吗？介词放在从句末尾了吗？