Slovnica ~53 min jedra še preostane

Natančno opisati osebo in kraj

Po tej lekciji znate

Znam predmetu dodati opis — takega, ki pove, za katerega gre, in takega, ki samo nekaj doda —, in razumem, v čem se razlikujeta.

Začni lekcijo Jedro 53 min · koraki: 6 · izbirno: +2

Navedeni čas jedra. Dva bloka jedra nimata številke, zato je prava lekcija daljša od te vsote.

Slovnica

15 min

Na A2 #26 si z who, which, that povezoval dve povedi in natančneje opisal človeka ali stvar. Takrat so bili vsi odvisniki ene vrste. V resnici sta vrsti dve, in loči ju vejica.

Omejevalni odvisnik — brez vejic. Odgovarja na vprašanje „kateri točno?“ in predmet izloči med drugimi. Brez njega ni jasno, o kom govorimo:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Katera ženska? Tista, ki živi zraven.

Neomejevalni odvisnik — z vejicama. Predmet je že znan, odvisnik pa o njem samo pove še nekaj. Če ga izpustimo, pomen ne trpi:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mama je ena sama; mimogrede je povedano, koliko je stara.

Preizkus: izpusti odvisnik. Če je še vedno jasno, o kom ali o čem govorimo, je neomejevalni, in potrebne so vejice. Če ni, je omejevalni, brez vejic.

Primerjaj. Iste besede, pomen pa drugačen:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Bratov je več; govorimo o tistem, ki živi v Italiji.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Brat je en sam; mimogrede je povedano, kje živi.

V čem se še razlikujeta:

omejevalni neomejevalni
vejice ne da
that namesto who in which lahko ne
oziralno besedo lahko izpustimo da, če za njo pride nov osebek ne

The film (that) we saw was boring — that lahko izpustimo, za njim stoji we. V neomejevalnem oziralna beseda ostane vedno: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Neomejevalni odvisniki so pogostejši v pisavi; v pogovoru namesto njih pogosto rečemo dve ločeni povedi.

Vse oziralne besede:

za kaj primer
who ljudje the woman who called
which stvari in živali the car which I bought
that ljudje in stvari, samo v omejevalnem the book that you lent me
whose čigar, katerega, katere the man whose car was stolen
where kraj the town where I grew up
when čas the summer when we met

whose nadomesti his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Za whose takoj stoji samostalnik, brez člena. Velja tudi za stvari: a house whose windows face the sea — čeprav pogosteje rečemo a house with windows facing the sea.

where ali which. where pomeni „v katerem“, „na katerem“, „kjer“ in nadomesti cel kraj. Če pa ima glagol v odvisniku svoj predmet — obiskal kaj, videl kaj —, je potreben which ali that:

the town where I live živim kje? — where
the town (that) I visited obiskal kaj? — that ali nič

Predlog gre na konec. V slovenščini predlog stoji pred „kateri“: „človek, s katerim delam“. V angleščini ostane pri svojem glagolu, na koncu odvisnika: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Različica the man with whom I work obstaja, a zveni zelo uradno.

when za besedami o času pogosto izpustimo: I remember the day (when) we met.

Še primeri:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (neomejevalni: mesto je eno samo).
The flat we live in is quite small. Stanovanje, v katerem živimo, je majhno.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Je to tista kavarna, kjer si zajtrkoval?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Julij je mesec, ko…

Tako se ne reče. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Predmet odvisnika je že imenovan z which, drugi it je odveč.

Preveri se. So potrebne vejice v My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Zakaj ne gre the town where I visited? Kako rečeš „ljudje, s katerimi delam“ brez whom?

prikaži odgovore
so — oče je en sam, odvisnik samo doda podatek: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit ima predmet, zato je potreben that, which ali nič: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Oglas

Napake govorcev slovenščine

prirejeno za vaš jezik
1

Vejica po slovenskem pravilu

V slovenščini odvisnik s „ki“ ali „kateri“ vedno ločimo z vejico. V angleščini vejica spremeni pomen. The students, who live in the city centre, pay more pomeni, da vsi študenti živijo v središču in vsi plačajo več. Če hočeš reči „tisti študenti, ki živijo v središču“, vejic ni: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

En „ki“ za vse

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

The man who lives next door is a pilot. Slovenski „ki“ velja za ljudi in stvari, z vejicami ali brez. Angleščina izbira: za ljudi who, za stvari which, that pa samo brez vejic.

3

Odvečni zaimek

✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good

I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Za „ki“ slovenščina predmet ponovi z zaimkom: „knjiga, ki sem jo kupil“, „ženska, ki ji sin hodi v mojo šolo“. V angleščini je which ali that že predmet, „čigar“ pa je whose.

4

Predlog pred who in which

✗ the people with who I work

✓ the people I work with

„Ljudje, s katerimi delam“, „stanovanje, v katerem živimo“ — predlog stoji spredaj. V angleščini ostane pri glagolu, na koncu: the flat we live in. Spredaj stoji samo v zelo uradni različici z whom.

Izgovorjava

3 min

Vejice neomejevalnega odvisnika se slišijo — to so premori:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Sam odvisnik zveni malo nižje in hitreje, kot pripomba v oklepaju. V omejevalnem ni premora, vse teče v eni sapi:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

To je redek primer, ko ločilo zveni: na posluh se povedi razlikujeta prav po premorih.

whose /huːz/ zveni enako kot who's. that je v odvisniku nenaglašen, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Oglas

Besedilo

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Branje na glas

Vaje

30 min

1. Vstavi who, which, whose, where ali when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Prikaži odgovore
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Združi dve povedi v eno.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (sestra je ena sama)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Prikaži odgovore
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Prepiši in postavi vejice

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (drugih sosedov nimamo)
Prikaži odgovore
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Iskanje napak.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The people with who I work are very friendly.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Prikaži odgovore
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly / The people with whom I work are very friendly; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Prevedi v angleščino.

1) Mesto, kjer sem odraščal, leži ob morju. 2) Moj oče, ki se je rodil leta 1950, še vedno dela. 3) To je tisti človek, ki so mu ukradli avto. 4) Ljudje, s katerimi delam, so zelo prijazni. 5) Spominjam se dneva, ko smo se preselili.

Prikaži odgovore
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Opiši kraj, kjer si odraščal.

Štiri do pet povedi: vsaj en omejevalni odvisnik, en neomejevalni in en z whose, where ali when.

Zgled: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Oglas

Povzetek

Obravnavano: omejevalni in neomejevalni odvisniki in vloga vejice, that samo v omejevalnem, kdaj lahko oziralno besedo izpustimo, whose, where proti which, when, predlog na koncu odvisnika. Sledi lekcija 18: ponavljanje lekcij 13–17.

Konec jedra

Lekcija se šteje za opravljeno, ko so vaje končane. Vse po tem je izbirno.

Lekcija 90

izbirno

Besedišče za kartice

15 besed
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ odraščati, odrasti
  • coast /kəʊst/ obala
  • port /pɔːt/ pristanišče
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ luka, pristan
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ ozek
  • wave /weɪv/ val
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vetroven
  • freeze /friːz/ zamrzniti
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ dohodek
  • whose /huːz/ čigav
  • nurse /nɜːs/ medicinska sestra, zdravstvenik
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ glavno mesto, prestolnica
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ gledati na (o oknih)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ vse življenje

Pisanje

Šest povedi o kraju, kjer si odraščal, ali o človeku, ki ti veliko pomeni. Trije odvisniki: en omejevalni in dva neomejevalna.

Zgled

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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