Málfræði ~53 mín af kjarna eftir

Að lýsa manneskju og stað nákvæmlega

Eftir þessa kennslustund geturðu

Ég get bætt lýsingu við nafnorð — bæði afmarkandi og viðbót — og skil hver munurinn er.

Hefja kennslustund Kjarni 53 mín · skref: 6 · valfrjálst: +2

Tilkynntur kjarnatími. Tvö kjarnaþáttanna bera enga tölu, svo raunveruleg kennslustund er lengri en þessi summa.

Málfræði

15 mín.

Í lexíu A2 #26 tengdir þú tvær setningar með orðunum who, which, that og lýstir manneskju eða hlut nánar. Þá voru allar tilvísunarsetningarnar af einni gerð. Í raun eru þær tvenns konar, og það sem greinir þær að er komman.

Afmarkandi tilvísunarsetning — án kommu. Hún svarar spurningunni „hver þeirra?“ og greinir nafnorðið frá öðrum. Án hennar er óljóst um hvern er rætt:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Hvaða kona? Sú sem býr í næsta húsi.

Viðbótartilvísunarsetning — innan kommna. Nafnorðið er þegar þekkt, og setningin segir aðeins eitthvað meira um það. Ef henni er sleppt breytist merkingin ekki:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mamma er bara ein; í leiðinni kemur fram hvað hún er gömul.

Prófið: slepptu tilvísunarsetningunni. Ef enn er ljóst um hvern eða hvað er rætt, er hún viðbót, og það þarf kommur. Ef ekki — er hún afmarkandi, án kommna.

Berðu saman. Sömu orðin, en merkingin önnur:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Bræðurnir eru fleiri; rætt er um þann sem býr á Ítalíu.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Bróðirinn er bara einn; í leiðinni kemur fram hvar hann býr.

Hvað greinir þær líka að:

afmarkandi viðbót
kommur engar já
that í stað who og which má má ekki
má sleppa tilvísunarorðinu já, ef nýtt frumlag kemur á eftir því nei

The film (that) we saw was boring — that má sleppa, á eftir því kemur we. Í viðbót stendur tilvísunarorðið alltaf: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Viðbótartilvísunarsetningar eru algengari í rituðu máli; í tali eru oft sagðar tvær sjálfstæðar setningar í staðinn.

Öll tilvísunarorðin:

um hvað dæmi
who fólk the woman who called
which hluti og dýr the car which I bought
that fólk og hluti, aðeins í afmarkandi the book that you lent me
whose hvers, sem á the man whose car was stolen
where staður the town where I grew up
when tími the summer when we met

whose kemur í stað his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Strax á eftir whose kemur nafnorð, án greinis. Það á líka við um hluti: a house whose windows face the sea — þótt oftar sé sagt a house with windows facing the sea.

where eða which. where merkir „þar sem“ og kemur í stað heils staðar. Ef sögnin í tilvísunarsetningunni hefur sitt eigið andlag — heimsótti hvað, sá hvað — þarf which eða that. Íslenskan greinir eins á milli: „bærinn þar sem ég bý“, en „bærinn sem ég heimsótti“.

the town where I live bý hvar? — where
the town (that) I visited heimsótti hvað? — that eða ekkert

Forsetningin fer aftast. Hér eru enskan og íslenskan eins: „maðurinn sem ég vinn með“ — forsetningin stendur hjá sögninni sinni, í lok tilvísunarsetningarinnar: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Útgáfan the man with whom I work er til, en hljómar mjög formlega.

when er oft sleppt á eftir orðum um tíma: I remember the day (when) we met.

Fleiri dæmi:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinborg (viðbót: borgin er bara ein).
The flat we live in is quite small. Íbúðin sem við búum í er frekar lítil.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Er þetta kaffihúsið þar sem þú borðaðir morgunmat?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Júlí er mánuðurinn þegar…

Svona er ekki sagt. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Andlag tilvísunarsetningarinnar er þegar nefnt með orðinu which, og annað it er ofaukið.

Prófaðu kunnáttuna. Þarf kommur í My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Hvers vegna er ekki hægt að segja the town where I visited? Hvernig segirðu „fólkið sem ég vinn með“ án whom?

sýna svörin
já — faðirinn er bara einn, og setningin bætir aðeins upplýsingum við: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit hefur andlag, þess vegna þarf that, which eða ekkert: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Auglýsing

Villur íslenskumælandi nemenda

skrifað fyrir þitt tungumál
1

„Sem“ — who eða which

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✗ The film who we saw was boring

✓ The man who lives next door is a pilot

The film that we saw was boring. Íslenska „sem“ er eitt fyrir fólk og hluti (lexía A2 #26). Á ensku: who um fólk, which um hluti, that um hvort tveggja.

2

that í viðbót

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

„Sem“ stendur í báðum gerðum, og that virðist jafn almennt. En innan kommna er that aldrei — aðeins who eða which.

3

Kommurnar ráða merkingunni

Íslenska „sem“ er eins í báðum gerðum, og orðið sjálft segir ekki hvor gerðin þetta er. Á ensku verður að velja: The students, who live in the city centre, pay more merkir að allir nemendurnir búi í miðbænum og allir borgi meira. Ef þú meinar „þeir nemendur sem búa í miðbænum“ eru engar kommur: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

4

Ekkert whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

Í daglegu máli er íslenskunni yfirleitt snúið við („kona sem á son í skólanum mínum“), svo að ekkert íslenskt orð kallar fram whose. En whose er venjulegt orð í daglegri ensku og kemur í stað who + her.

Framburður

3 mín.

Kommur viðbótartilvísunarsetningar heyrast — þær eru þagnir:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Setningin sjálf er sögð aðeins lægra og hraðar, eins og athugasemd innan sviga. Í afmarkandi setningu er engin þögn, allt er sagt í einni lotu:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Þetta er sjaldgæft tilvik þar sem greinarmerki heyrist: á heyrn greinast setningarnar tvær einmitt á þögnunum.

whose /huːz/ hljómar alveg eins og who's. that í tilvísunarsetningu er áherslulaust, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Auglýsing

Texti

5 mín.

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Upplesin

Æfingar

30 mín.

1. Settu inn who, which, whose, where eða when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Sýna svörin
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Sameinaðu tvær setningar í eina.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (systirin er bara ein)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Sýna svörin
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Skrifaðu setningarnar upp og settu kommur

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (við eigum enga aðra nágranna)
Sýna svörin
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Villuleit.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film who we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Sýna svörin
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Þýddu á ensku.

1) Bærinn þar sem ég ólst upp stendur við sjóinn. 2) Faðir minn, sem fæddist árið 1950, vinnur enn. 3) Þetta er maðurinn sem bílnum var stolið frá. 4) Fólkið sem ég vinn með er mjög vingjarnlegt. 5) Ég man daginn þegar við fluttum.

Sýna svörin
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Lýstu staðnum þar sem þú ólst upp.

Fjórar til fimm setningar: að minnsta kosti ein afmarkandi tilvísunarsetning, ein viðbót og ein með whose, where eða when.

Fyrirmynd: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Auglýsing

Samantekt

Farið yfir: afmarkandi tilvísunarsetningar og viðbót og hlutverk kommunnar, that aðeins í afmarkandi, hvenær má sleppa tilvísunarorðinu, whose, where andspænis which, when, forsetningin í lok tilvísunarsetningarinnar. Næst — lexía 18: upprifjun lexía 13–17.

Endir kjarna

Kennslustund telst lokið þegar æfingum er lokið. Allt eftir þetta er valfrjálst.

Kennslustund 90

valfrjálst

Orðaforði í spjaldastokkinn

15 orð
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ alast upp, vaxa úr grasi
  • coast /kəʊst/ strönd, strandlengja
  • port /pɔːt/ höfn, hafnarborg
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ höfn, lægi
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ mjór, þröngur
  • wave /weɪv/ alda, bylgja
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vindasamur
  • freeze /friːz/ frjósa
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ tekjur
  • whose /huːz/ hvers, sem á
  • nurse /nɜːs/ hjúkrunarfræðingur
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ höfuðborg
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ flugmaður
  • face /feɪs/ snúa að (um glugga)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ alla ævi

Ritun

Sex setningar um staðinn þar sem þú ólst upp eða um manneskju sem skiptir þig miklu. Þrjár tilvísunarsetningar: ein afmarkandi og tvær sem eru viðbót.

Fyrirmynd

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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