Gramatika ~53 min z jadra zostáva

Presne opísať človeka a miesto

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Viem k podstatnému menu pridať opis — spresňujúci aj doplňujúci — a chápem, čím sa líšia.

Začať lekciu Jadro 53 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 #26 si spájal dve vety slovami who, which, that a opisoval si človeka alebo vec podrobnejšie. Vtedy boli všetky vedľajšie vety jedného druhu. V skutočnosti sú dva druhy a líšia sa čiarkou.

Spresňujúca vzťažná veta — bez čiarok. Odpovedá na otázku „ktorý presne?“ a vyčleňuje predmet spomedzi iných. Bez nej nie je jasné, o kom je reč:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Ktorá žena? Tá, čo býva vedľa.

Doplňujúca vzťažná veta — v čiarkach. Predmet je známy aj tak a vedľajšia veta o ňom len oznamuje niečo ďalšie. Ak ju vynecháš, zmysel neutrpí:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mama je len jedna; popritom je povedané, koľko má rokov.

Skúška: vedľajšiu vetu vyhoď. Ak je stále jasné, o kom alebo o čom je reč, je doplňujúca a treba čiarky. Ak nie — je spresňujúca, bez čiarok.

Porovnaj. Tie isté slová, a zmysel je iný:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Bratov je viac; reč je o tom, ktorý žije v Taliansku.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Brat je len jeden; popritom je povedané, kde žije.

Čím sa ešte líšia:

spresňujúca doplňujúca
čiarky nie sú sú
that namiesto who a which možno nemožno
možno vynechať vzťažné slovo áno, ak za ním nasleduje nový podmet nie

The film (that) we saw was boring — that možno vynechať, nasleduje za ním we. V doplňujúcej vete vzťažné slovo zostáva vždy: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Doplňujúce vedľajšie vety sa častejšie vyskytujú v písanom texte; v rozhovore sa namiesto nich často povedia dve samostatné vety.

Všetky vzťažné slová:

o čom príklad
who ľudia the woman who called
which veci a zvieratá the car which I bought
that ľudia aj veci, len v spresňujúcej vete the book that you lent me
whose čí, ktorého, ktorej the man whose car was stolen
where miesto the town where I grew up
when čas the summer when we met

whose nahrádza his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Za whose hneď nasleduje podstatné meno, bez člena. Hodí sa aj pre veci: a house whose windows face the sea — hoci častejšie sa povie a house with windows facing the sea.

where alebo which. where znamená „v ktorom“, „na ktorom“ a nahrádza celé miesto. Ak má však sloveso vo vedľajšej vete vlastný predmet — navštívili čo, videli čo —, treba which alebo that:

the town where I live bývam kde? — where
the town (that) I visited navštívil som čo? — that alebo nič

Predložka ide na koniec. Po slovensky stojí predložka pred „ktorý“: „človek, s ktorým pracujem“. V angličtine zostáva pri svojom slovese, na konci vedľajšej vety: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Variant the man with whom I work existuje, ale znie veľmi úradne.

when sa po slovách o čase často vynecháva: I remember the day (when) we met.

Ďalšie príklady:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (doplňujúca: mesto je len jedno).
The flat we live in is quite small. Byt, v ktorom bývame, je malý.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? To je tá kaviareň, kde si raňajkoval?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Júl je mesiac, keď…

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Predmet vedľajšej vety je už pomenovaný slovom which, druhé it je navyše.

Otestuj sa. Treba čiarky vo vete My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Prečo nemožno the town where I visited? Ako povedať „ľudia, s ktorými pracujem“ bez whom?

zobraziť odpovede
treba — otec je len jeden, vedľajšia veta iba pridáva údaje: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit má predmet, preto treba that, which alebo nič: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

Čiarka podľa slovenského pravidla

Po slovensky sa vedľajšia veta s „ktorý“ oddeľuje čiarkou vždy. V angličtine čiarka mení zmysel. The students, who live in the city centre, pay more znamená, že v centre bývajú a viac platia všetci študenti. Ak chceš povedať „tí študenti, ktorí bývajú v centre“, čiarky nepíš: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

that v doplňujúcej vete

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

Slovenské „ktorý“ je jedno pre všetky prípady a that sa zdá rovnako univerzálne. Vo vete s čiarkami však that nebýva — len who alebo which.

3

Hovorové „čo“ ako what

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring

alebo The film we saw was boring. V hovorenej slovenčine je „čo“ bežné vzťažné slovo: „ten film, čo sme videli“. Anglické what však znamená „to, čo“ a samo nahrádza predmet: I don't know what he wants. Za podstatným menom nestojí.

4

„Čo jej syn“ namiesto whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

Knižné „ktorej syn“ sa v reči často nahrádza tvarom „žena, čo jej syn chodí…“, a tak vznikne who her. V angličtine obe slová nahradí jediné whose.

5

Predložka pred who

✗ the people with who I work

✓ the people I work with

Slovenské „s ktorými“ ťahá predložku dopredu. V angličtine zostáva na konci vety a pred who nestojí.

Výslovnosť

3 min

Čiarky doplňujúcej vety počuť — sú to pauzy:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Samotná vedľajšia veta znie o niečo nižšie a rýchlejšie, ako poznámka v zátvorke. V spresňujúcej vete pauza nie je, všetko ide jedným celkom:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Je to zriedkavý prípad, keď interpunkčné znamienko znie: na počutie sa dve vety líšia práve pauzami.

whose /huːz/ znie rovnako ako who's. that je vo vedľajšej vete neprízvučné, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

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Text

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

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Cvičenia

30 min

1. Doplň who, which, whose, where alebo when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Zobraziť odpovede
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Spoj dve vety do jednej.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (sestra je len jedna)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Zobraziť odpovede
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Prepíš a doplň čiarky

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (iných susedov nemáme)
Zobraziť odpovede
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Zobraziť odpovede
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Mesto, kde som vyrastal, leží pri mori. 2) Môj otec, ktorý sa narodil v roku 1950, stále pracuje. 3) To je ten človek, ktorému ukradli auto. 4) Ľudia, s ktorými pracujem, sú veľmi priateľskí. 5) Pamätám si deň, keď sme sa presťahovali.

Zobraziť odpovede
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Opíš miesto, kde si vyrastal(a).

Štyri-päť viet: aspoň jedna spresňujúca vedľajšia veta, jedna doplňujúca a jedna s whose, where alebo when.

Vzor: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: spresňujúce a doplňujúce vedľajšie vety a úlohu čiarky, that len v spresňujúcej, kedy možno vynechať vzťažné slovo, whose, where oproti which, when, predložku na konci vedľajšej vety. Ďalej — lekcia 18: opakovanie lekcií 13–17.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 90

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

15 slov
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ vyrastať, vyrásť
  • coast /kəʊst/ pobrežie
  • port /pɔːt/ prístav (obchodný)
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ prístav
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ úzky
  • wave /weɪv/ vlna
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ veterný
  • freeze /friːz/ zamrznúť, mrznúť
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ príjem
  • whose /huːz/ čí, čia, čie
  • nurse /nɜːs/ zdravotná sestra, ošetrovateľ
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ hlavné mesto
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ byť obrátený (oknami) na
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ celý život

Písanie

Šesť viet o mieste, kde si vyrastal(a), alebo o človeku, ktorý pre teba veľa znamená. Tri vedľajšie vety: jedna spresňujúca a dve doplňujúce.

Vzor

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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