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Mogu predmetu dodati opis — i određujući i dodatni — i razumijem po čemu se razlikuju.

Započni lekciju Jezgra 53 min · koraci: 6 · neobavezno: +2

Navedeno vrijeme jezgre. Dva bloka jezgre nemaju brojku, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbroja.

Gramatika

15 min

Na A2 #26 spajao si dvije rečenice riječima who, which, that i podrobnije opisivao osobu ili stvar. Tada su sve odnosne rečenice bile iste vrste. Zapravo ih ima dvije, a razlikuje ih zarez.

Određujuća odnosna rečenica — bez zareza. Odgovara na pitanje „koji točno?“ i izdvaja predmet među drugima. Bez nje nije jasno o kome je riječ:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Koja žena? Ona koja živi do nas.

Dodatna odnosna rečenica — u zarezima. Predmet je ionako poznat, a rečenica samo kaže o njemu još nešto. Ako je izbaciš, smisao ne strada:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Majka je jedna; usput je rečeno koliko joj je godina.

Provjera: izbaci odnosnu rečenicu. Ako je i dalje jasno o kome ili o čemu je riječ, ona je dodatna i trebaju zarezi. Ako nije — određujuća je, bez zareza.

Usporedi. Iste riječi, a različit smisao:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Braće je više; riječ je o onom koji živi u Italiji.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Brat je jedan; usput je rečeno gdje živi.

Po čemu se još razlikuju:

određujuća dodatna
zarezi nema ima
that umjesto who i which može ne može
odnosna se zamjenica može izostaviti da, ako iza nje dolazi novi subjekt ne

The film (that) we saw was boring — that se može izostaviti, iza njega stoji we. U dodatnoj rečenici odnosna zamjenica ostaje uvijek: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Dodatne odnosne rečenice češće se susreću u pisanju; u razgovoru se umjesto njih često kažu dvije zasebne rečenice.

Sve odnosne riječi:

za što primjer
who ljudi the woman who called
which stvari i životinje the car which I bought
that ljudi i stvari, samo u određujućoj the book that you lent me
whose čiji the man whose car was stolen
where mjesto the town where I grew up
when vrijeme the summer when we met

whose zamjenjuje his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Iza whose odmah dolazi imenica, bez člana. Odgovara i za stvari: a house whose windows face the sea — iako će se češće reći a house with windows facing the sea.

where ili which. where znači „u kojem“, „na kojem“ i zamjenjuje cijelo mjesto. Ako glagol u odnosnoj rečenici ima svoj predmet — posjetio što, vidio što — treba which ili that:

the town where I live živim gdje? — where
the town (that) I visited posjetio što? — that ili ništa

Prijedlog odlazi na kraj. U hrvatskom prijedlog stoji ispred „koji“: „čovjek s kojim radim“. U engleskom ostaje uz svoj glagol, na kraju odnosne rečenice: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Inačica the man with whom I work postoji, ali zvuči vrlo službeno.

when se iza riječi koje znače vrijeme često izostavlja: I remember the day (when) we met.

Još primjera:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (dodatna: grad je jedan).
The flat we live in is quite small. Stan u kojem živimo prilično je malen.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Je li to onaj kafić gdje si doručkovao?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Srpanj je mjesec kada…

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Predmet odnosne rečenice već je imenovan riječju which, drugi it je suvišan.

Provjeri se. Trebaju li zarezi u My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Zašto ne može the town where I visited? Kako reći „ljudi s kojima radim“ bez whom?

prikaži odgovore
trebaju — otac je jedan, odnosna rečenica samo dodaje podatak: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit ima svoj predmet, zato treba that, which ili ništa: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Oglas

Pogreške izvornih govornika hrvatskoga

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

Jedan „koji“ za sve

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

The man who lives next door is a pilot. Hrvatski „koji“ vrijedi za ljude i za stvari, sa zarezima i bez njih. Engleski bira: za ljude who, za stvari which, a that — samo bez zareza.

2

what umjesto that

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring

ili The film we saw was boring. U hrvatskom „što“ može stajati umjesto „koji“: „film što smo ga gledali“. Englesko what to ne može: znači „ono što“ i samo zamjenjuje imenicu (I don't know what he wants). Iza imenice ne stoji.

3

Suvišna zamjenica

✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good

I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Uz „što“ hrvatski ponavlja predmet zamjenicom: „knjiga što sam je jučer kupio“, „žena što joj sin ide u moju školu“. U engleskom which ili that već je predmet, a „čiji“ je whose.

4

Prijedlog ispred who i which

✗ the people with who I work

✓ the people I work with

Hrvatski prijedlog stavlja ispred „koji“: „ljudi s kojima radim“, „stan u kojem živimo“. U engleskom prijedlog ostaje uz glagol, na kraju: the flat we live in. with whom postoji, ali zvuči vrlo službeno.

Izgovor

3 min

Zarezi dodatne rečenice čuju se — to su stanke:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Sama odnosna rečenica zvuči malo niže i brže, kao primjedba u zagradi. U određujućoj stanke nema, sve ide kao jedna fraza:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

To je rijedak slučaj kad se interpunkcijski znak čuje: na sluh se dvije rečenice razlikuju upravo po stankama.

whose /huːz/ zvuči isto kao who's. that je u odnosnoj rečenici nenaglašen, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Čitanje naglas

Vježbe

30 min

1. Umetni who, which, whose, where ili when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Prikaži odgovore
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Spoji dvije rečenice u jednu.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (sestra je jedna)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Prikaži odgovore
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Prepiši i stavi zareze

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (drugih susjeda nemamo)
Prikaži odgovore
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Pronalaženje pogreške.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Prikaži odgovore
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Grad u kojem sam odrastao nalazi se uz more. 2) Moj otac, koji je rođen 1950., još uvijek radi. 3) To je čovjek kojemu su ukrali auto. 4) Ljudi s kojima radim vrlo su prijazni. 5) Sjećam se dana kada smo se preselili.

Prikaži odgovore
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Opiši mjesto gdje si odrastao.

Četiri-pet rečenica: barem jedna određujuća odnosna rečenica, jedna dodatna i jedna s whose, where ili when.

Uzorak: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Oglas

Sažetak

Obrađeno: određujuće i dodatne odnosne rečenice i uloga zareza, that samo u određujućoj, kada se odnosna zamjenica može izostaviti, whose, where nasuprot which, when, prijedlog na kraju odnosne rečenice. Slijedi lekcija 18: ponavljanje lekcija 13–17.

Kraj jezgre

Lekcija se računa kao završena nakon vježbi. Sve nakon toga je neobavezno.

Lekcija 90

neobavezno

Riječi za kartice

15 riječi
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ odrastati, odrasti
  • coast /kəʊst/ obala
  • port /pɔːt/ luka
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ luka, pristanište
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ uzak
  • wave /weɪv/ val
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vjetrovit
  • freeze /friːz/ smrzavati se, zalediti se
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ prihod
  • whose /huːz/ čiji
  • nurse /nɜːs/ medicinska sestra, medicinski tehničar
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ glavni grad
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ gledati na (o prozorima)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ cijeli život

Pisanje

Šest rečenica o mjestu gdje si odrastao ili o osobi koja ti mnogo znači. Tri odnosne rečenice: jedna određujuća i dvije dodatne.

Uzorak

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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