Gramatika ~53 min ng core ang natitira

Ilarawan nang eksakto ang tao at lugar

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong magdagdag ng paglalarawan sa isang tao o bagay — naglilinaw man o nagdadagdag lang — at naiintindihan ko ang pagkakaiba ng dalawa.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 53 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

15 min

Sa A2 #26, pinagsama ninyo ang dalawang pangungusap gamit ang who, which, that at inilarawan nang mas detalyado ang isang tao o bagay. Noon, iisang uri ang lahat ng relative clause. Ang totoo, dalawa ang uri, at kuwit ang nagpapaiba sa kanila.

Naglilinaw na relative clause — walang kuwit. Sinasagot nito ang tanong na “alin doon?” at ibinubukod ang bagay sa iba. Kung wala ito, hindi malinaw kung sino ang pinag-uusapan:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Aling babae? Ang nakatira sa tabi.

Nagdadagdag na relative clause — may mga kuwit. Kilala na ang pinag-uusapan, at nagbibigay lang ang clause ng isa pang impormasyon tungkol dito. Kapag inalis ito, hindi masisira ang kahulugan:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Iisa ang nanay; nabanggit na rin kung ilang taon na siya.

Ang pagsusuri: alisin ang clause. Kung malinaw pa rin kung sino o ano ang pinag-uusapan — nagdadagdag ito, at kailangan ang mga kuwit. Kung hindi — naglilinaw ito, walang kuwit.

Paghambingin. Iisang mga salita, pero magkaiba ang kahulugan:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Higit sa isa ang kapatid kong lalaki; ang nasa Italya ang pinag-uusapan.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Iisa ang kapatid kong lalaki; nabanggit na rin kung saan siya nakatira.

Ano pa ang pagkakaiba nila:

naglilinaw nagdadagdag
mga kuwit wala mayroon
that sa halip na who at which puwede hindi puwede
puwedeng alisin ang relative pronoun oo, kung may bagong simuno pagkatapos nito hindi

The film (that) we saw was boring — puwedeng alisin ang that, dahil we ang kasunod nito. Sa nagdadagdag, laging nananatili ang relative pronoun: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Mas madalas sa pagsulat ang nagdadagdag na clause; sa usapan, madalas na dalawang hiwalay na pangungusap ang sinasabi sa halip nito.

Lahat ng relative pronoun:

para sa halimbawa
who tao the woman who called
which bagay at hayop the car which I bought
that tao at bagay, sa naglilinaw lang the book that you lent me
whose pag-aari: “na ang … niya” the man whose car was stolen
where lugar the town where I grew up
when panahon the summer when we met

whose — pumapalit ito sa his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Pagkatapos ng whose, pangngalan agad ang kasunod, walang pantukoy. Magagamit din ito para sa mga bagay: a house whose windows face the sea — bagaman mas madalas sabihin ang a house with windows facing the sea.

where o which. Ang where ay “kung saan” at pumapalit sa buong lugar. Pero kung may sariling layon ang pandiwa sa clause — binisita ano, nakita ano —, which o that ang kailangan:

the town where I live nakatira saan? — where
the town (that) I visited binisita ano? — that o wala

Napupunta sa dulo ang pang-ukol. Sa Tagalog, kadalasang walang pang-ukol dito: “ang taong katrabaho ko”, “ang apartment na tinitirhan namin” — nasa pandiwa na ang kahulugan. Sa Ingles, kailangan ang pang-ukol, at nananatili ito sa pandiwa nito, sa dulo ng clause: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Umiiral ang bersiyong the man with whom I work, pero napakapormal ng tunog nito.

when — madalas itong inaalis pagkatapos ng mga salita ng panahon: I remember the day (when) we met.

Iba pang halimbawa:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (nagdadagdag: iisa lang ang lungsod).
The flat we live in is quite small. Medyo maliit ang apartment na tinitirhan namin.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Iyan ba ang café kung saan ka nag-almusal?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Hulyo ang buwan kung kailan…

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Nabanggit na ang layon ng clause sa salitang which, kaya labis ang ikalawang it.

Subukin ang sarili. Kailangan ba ng mga kuwit sa My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Bakit hindi puwede ang the town where I visited? Paano sasabihin ang “ang mga taong katrabaho ko” nang walang whom?

ipakita ang mga sagot
kailangan — iisa ang tatay, at nagdadagdag lang ng impormasyon ang clause: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; may layon ang visit, kaya that, which o wala ang kailangan: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

Iisang “na” para sa dalawang uri

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

Sa Tagalog, iisang “na/-ng” ang nag-uugnay sa parehong uri ng clause, kaya parang that ang katumbas nito sa lahat ng kaso. Pero sa nagdadagdag, walang that — who o which lang. At may kahulugan ang kuwit: ang My mother who is seventy nang walang kuwit ay parang higit sa isa ang nanay ninyo.

2

who her sa halip na whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

Sa “isang babae na ang anak niya ay nag-aaral sa paaralan ko”, may “na” at may “niya” pa, kaya isinasalin ang dalawa: who + her. Sa Ingles, iisang salita ang gumagawa ng trabaho ng dalawa: whose.

3

Nawawalang pang-ukol sa dulo

✗ The flat we live is small

✗ the people I work

✓ The flat we live in is small

the people I work with. Sa “ang apartment na tinitirhan namin”, “ang mga taong katrabaho ko”, walang pang-ukol — nasa pandiwa na ito. Pero sa Ingles, kailangan ng live ang in at ng work ang with, kahit nasa dulo ng clause.

Pagbigkas

3 min

Naririnig ang mga kuwit ng nagdadagdag na clause — mga paghinto ang mga ito:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Mas mababa at mas mabilis nang kaunti ang tunog ng clause mismo, parang puna sa loob ng panaklong. Sa naglilinaw, walang paghinto — tuloy-tuloy ang lahat bilang iisang parirala:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Bihirang kaso ito kung saan may tunog ang bantas: sa pakikinig, mga paghinto mismo ang nagpapaiba sa dalawang pangungusap.

whose /huːz/ — kapareho ng tunog ng who's. that sa clause ay walang diin, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

30 min

1. Ilagay ang who, which, whose, where o when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Ipakita ang mga sagot
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Pagsamahin ang dalawang pangungusap sa isa.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (iisa lang ang kapatid kong babae)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Isulat muli, at maglagay ng mga kuwit

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (wala kaming ibang kapitbahay)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The flat we live is quite small.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The flat we live in is quite small / The flat that we live in is quite small / The flat which we live in is quite small / The flat where we live is quite small / The flat in which we live is quite small; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Nasa tabing-dagat ang bayang kinalakhan ko. 2) Ang tatay ko, na ipinanganak noong 1950, ay nagtatrabaho pa rin. 3) Ito ang lalaking ninakawan ng kotse. 4) Napakapalakaibigan ng mga taong katrabaho ko. 5) Naaalala ko ang araw na lumipat kami.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Ilarawan ang lugar kung saan kayo lumaki.

Apat o limang pangungusap: kahit isang naglilinaw na clause, isang nagdadagdag, at isang may whose, where o when.

Halimbawa: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: ang naglilinaw at nagdadagdag na relative clause at ang papel ng kuwit, that sa naglilinaw lang, kailan puwedeng alisin ang relative pronoun, whose, where laban sa which, when, ang pang-ukol sa dulo ng clause. Susunod — aralin 18: pag-uulit ng mga aralin 13–17.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 90

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

15 salita
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ lumaki
  • coast /kəʊst/ baybayin, tabing-dagat
  • port /pɔːt/ puwerto, pantalan
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ daungan
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ makitid
  • wave /weɪv/ alon
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ mahangin
  • freeze /friːz/ magyelo
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ kita, kabuhayan
  • whose /huːz/ kanino; na ang … niya
  • nurse /nɜːs/ nars
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ kabisera
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ piloto
  • face /feɪs/ nakaharap sa (tungkol sa bintana)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ buong buhay niya

Pagsulat

Anim na pangungusap tungkol sa lugar kung saan kayo lumaki, o tungkol sa taong napakahalaga sa inyo. Tatlong relative clause: isang naglilinaw at dalawang nagdadagdag.

Halimbawa

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

Checklist

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Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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