Gramática ~53 min del núcleo restante

Describir a una persona y un lugar con precisión

Después de esta lección podrás

Puedo añadir una descripción a una cosa o a una persona, tanto la que precisa como la que añade información, y entiendo en qué se diferencian.

Comenzar la lección Núcleo 53 min · pasos: 6 · opcional: +2

Tiempo declarado del núcleo. Dos bloques del núcleo no llevan cifra, por lo que la lección real es más larga que esta suma.

Gramática

15 min

En A2 #26 unías dos oraciones con who, which, that y describías con más detalle a una persona o una cosa. Entonces todas las oraciones de relativo eran de un solo tipo. En realidad hay dos, y las distingue la coma. Igual que en español, donde la gramática las llama especificativas y explicativas: «los alumnos que viven en el centro» y «los alumnos, que viven en el centro,» no dicen lo mismo.

La especificativa, sin comas. Responde a la pregunta «¿cuál exactamente?» y distingue la cosa o la persona de las demás. Sin ella no se sabe de quién se habla:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — ¿Qué mujer? La que vive al lado.

La explicativa, entre comas. La cosa o la persona ya se conoce, y la oración solo dice algo más sobre ella. Si se quita, el sentido no sufre:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Madre solo hay una; de paso se dice cuántos años tiene.

La prueba: quita la oración de relativo. Si sigue claro de quién o de qué se habla, es explicativa y lleva comas. Si no, es especificativa, sin comas.

Compara. Las mismas palabras, y el sentido es distinto:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Hay varios hermanos; se habla del que vive en Italia.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Hay un solo hermano; de paso se dice dónde vive.

En qué más se diferencian:

especificativa explicativa
comas no sí
that en lugar de who y which se puede no se puede
se puede omitir el pronombre relativo sí, si detrás va un sujeto nuevo no

The film (that) we saw was boring: that se puede quitar, porque detrás va we. En la explicativa el pronombre relativo se queda siempre: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Las explicativas son más frecuentes por escrito; en la conversación a menudo se dicen en su lugar dos oraciones separadas.

Todos los pronombres relativos:

para qué ejemplo
who personas the woman who called
which cosas y animales the car which I bought
that personas y cosas, solo en la especificativa the book that you lent me
whose cuyo, de quien the man whose car was stolen
where lugar the town where I grew up
when tiempo the summer when we met

whose sustituye a his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Detrás de whose va directamente el sustantivo, sin artículo. Es el «cuyo» español, pero sin su aire formal: en inglés whose se usa también al hablar. Sirve también para cosas: a house whose windows face the sea, aunque es más frecuente decir a house with windows facing the sea.

where o which. where significa «donde», «en el que» y sustituye a todo un lugar. Si el verbo de la oración tiene su propio complemento (visitar qué, ver qué), hace falta which o that. Igual que en español: «la ciudad donde vivo», pero «la ciudad que visité».

the town where I live vivo ¿dónde? — where
the town (that) I visited visité ¿qué? — that o nada

La preposición se va al final. En español la preposición va delante del relativo: «el hombre con el que trabajo». En inglés se queda con su verbo, al final de la oración de relativo: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. La variante the man with whom I work existe, pero suena muy formal.

when detrás de palabras de tiempo se omite a menudo: I remember the day (when) we met.

Más ejemplos:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edimburgo (explicativa: la ciudad es una sola).
The flat we live in is quite small. El piso en el que vivimos es pequeño.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? ¿Es esa la cafetería donde desayunaste?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Julio es el mes en que…

Así no se dice. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. El complemento de la oración ya está nombrado con which: el segundo it sobra.

Ponte a prueba. ¿Hacen falta comas en My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? ¿Por qué no se puede decir the town where I visited? ¿Cómo se dice «las personas con las que trabajo» sin whom?

mostrar las respuestas
sí: padre solo hay uno, y la oración solo añade información: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit tiene complemento, por eso hace falta that, which o nada: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
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Errores de los hispanohablantes

escrito para tu idioma
1

that en la explicativa

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

En español el mismo «que» sirve con comas y sin ellas («mi hermano, que vive en Italia»), y that parece igual de universal. Pero entre comas that no va nunca: solo who o which.

2

«Que su» en lugar de whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

«Cuyo» se usa poco al hablar, y en el español coloquial sale «una mujer que su hijo va a mi colegio». En inglés eso no funciona: hace falta whose.

3

La preposición delante del relativo

✗ the people with that I work

✗ the flat in that we live

✓ the people I work with

the flat we live in. «La gente con la que trabajo», «el piso en que vivimos»: en español la preposición va delante. En inglés se queda al final, detrás de su verbo.

4

El sujeto que falta

✗ The book that lent me was great

✓ The book that you lent me was great

En «el libro que me prestaste» la terminación dice quién; lent, no. Sin you la frase dice que el libro te prestó algo.

Pronunciación

3 min

Las comas de la explicativa se oyen: son pausas:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

La oración misma suena algo más baja y más rápida, como un comentario entre paréntesis. En la especificativa no hay pausa, todo va en un solo grupo:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Es un caso raro en que un signo de puntuación se oye: de oído, las dos oraciones se distinguen precisamente por las pausas.

whose /huːz/ suena igual que who's. that en la oración de relativo es átono, /ðət/: the book that you lent me: /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

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Texto

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Ejercicios

30 min

1. Pon who, which, whose, where o when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Mostrar las respuestas
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Une las dos oraciones en una.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (solo hay una hermana)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Mostrar las respuestas
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Reescribe poniendo comas

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (no tenemos otros vecinos)
Mostrar las respuestas
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Detección de errores.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Mostrar las respuestas
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Traduce al inglés.

1) La ciudad donde crecí está junto al mar. 2) Mi padre, que nació en 1950, todavía trabaja. 3) Este es el hombre al que le robaron el coche. 4) Las personas con las que trabajo son muy simpáticas. 5) Recuerdo el día en que nos mudamos.

Mostrar las respuestas
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Describe el lugar donde creciste.

Cuatro o cinco oraciones: al menos una especificativa, una explicativa y una con whose, where o when.

Modelo: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

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Resumen

Visto en esta lección: las oraciones de relativo especificativas y explicativas y el papel de la coma, that solo en la especificativa, cuándo se puede omitir el pronombre relativo, whose, where frente a which, when, la preposición al final de la oración de relativo. A continuación, la lección 18: repaso de las lecciones 13–17.

Fin del núcleo

La lección se marca como completada una vez que se hagan los ejercicios. Todo lo que sigue es opcional.

Lección 90

opcional

Vocabulario para el mazo

15 palabras
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ crecer, hacerse mayor
  • coast /kəʊst/ costa
  • port /pɔːt/ puerto
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ puerto (resguardado), dársena
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ estrecho
  • wave /weɪv/ ola
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ ventoso
  • freeze /friːz/ helarse, congelarse
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ ingresos
  • whose /huːz/ de quién; cuyo
  • nurse /nɜːs/ enfermero, enfermera
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ capital
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ piloto
  • face /feɪs/ dar a (las ventanas)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ toda su vida

Escritura

Seis oraciones sobre el lugar donde creciste o sobre una persona que significa mucho para ti. Tres oraciones de relativo: una especificativa y dos explicativas.

Modelo

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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