문법 핵심 ~53분 남음

사람과 장소를 정확하게 묘사하기

이 레슨을 마치면

명사에 설명을 덧붙일 수 있습니다 — 대상을 좁혀 주는 설명도, 덧붙이기만 하는 설명도 — 그리고 둘이 어떻게 다른지 압니다.

수업 시작 핵심 53분 · 단계: 6 · 선택: +2

표시된 핵심 시간. 두 개의 핵심 블록은 시간이 표시되지 않으므로 실제 레슨은 합계보다 깁니다.

문법

15분

A2 26과에서 여러분은 who, which, that으로 두 문장을 잇고 사람이나 물건을 더 자세히 설명했습니다. 그때는 관계사절이 모두 한 종류였습니다. 실제로는 두 종류가 있고, 둘을 가르는 것은 쉼표입니다.

대상을 좁혀 주는 관계사절(제한적 용법) — 쉼표 없이. '정확히 어느 것?'이라는 물음에 답하고, 대상을 다른 것들 가운데서 골라냅니다. 이것이 없으면 누구 이야기인지 알 수 없습니다:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — 어느 여자? 옆집에 사는 여자.

덧붙이는 관계사절(계속적 용법) — 쉼표 안에. 대상은 이미 분명하고, 관계사절은 거기에 정보를 하나 더할 뿐입니다. 빼도 뜻이 상하지 않습니다:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — 어머니는 한 분뿐이고, 나이는 덤으로 알려 줍니다.

확인법: 관계사절을 빼 보십시오. 그래도 누구나 무엇 이야기인지 알 수 있으면 — 계속적 용법이고, 쉼표가 필요합니다. 알 수 없으면 — 제한적 용법이고, 쉼표가 없습니다.

비교해 보십시오. 단어는 같은데 뜻이 다릅니다:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. 형제가 여럿이고, 그중 이탈리아에 사는 형제 이야기.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. 형제는 한 명뿐이고, 사는 곳은 덤으로 알려 줌.

그 밖의 차이:

제한적 용법 계속적 용법
쉼표 없음 있음
who, which 대신 that 가능 불가능
관계사 생략 가능 (뒤에 새 주어가 오면) 불가능

The film (that) we saw was boring — that 뒤에 we가 오므로 생략할 수 있습니다. 계속적 용법에서는 관계사가 언제나 남습니다: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. 계속적 용법은 글에서 더 자주 보이고, 대화에서는 그 대신 문장을 둘로 나누어 말하는 일이 많습니다.

관계사 전체:

무엇에 예
who 사람 the woman who called
which 사물과 동물 the car which I bought
that 사람과 사물, 제한적 용법에서만 the book that you lent me
whose 누구의, 그것의 the man whose car was stolen
where 장소 the town where I grew up
when 때 the summer when we met

whose는 his, her, their, its를 대신합니다: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. whose 바로 뒤에는 관사 없이 명사가 옵니다. 사물에도 쓸 수 있습니다: a house whose windows face the sea — 다만 보통은 a house with windows facing the sea라고 합니다.

where일까요, which일까요? where는 '그 안에서', '그곳에서'라는 뜻이고, 장소 전체를 대신합니다. 관계사절의 동사에 자기 목적어가 있으면 — 무엇을 방문했는지, 무엇을 보았는지 — which나 that이 필요합니다:

the town where I live 어디에 사는가? — where
the town (that) I visited 무엇을 방문했는가? — that 또는 생략

전치사는 끝으로 갑니다. 한국어 '내가 함께 일하는 사람'에는 전치사가 없고, '함께'가 동사 앞에 붙습니다. 영어에서 전치사는 자기 동사 곁에, 관계사절의 끝에 남습니다: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. the man with whom I work라는 형태도 있지만, 아주 격식 있게 들립니다.

when은 때를 나타내는 말 뒤에서 자주 생략합니다: I remember the day (when) we met.

예문 더 보기:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. 에든버러 (계속적 용법: 도시는 하나).
The flat we live in is quite small. 우리가 사는 아파트는 꽤 작다.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? 저기가 네가 아침 먹은 카페야?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. 7월은 대부분의 사람들이 휴가를 가는 달이다.

이렇게 말하지 않습니다. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. 관계사절의 목적어는 이미 which가 나타냈으므로, it을 또 넣으면 남습니다.

확인해 보십시오. My father who is a doctor works in Leeds에는 쉼표가 필요합니까? 왜 the town where I visited라고 할 수 없습니까? '내가 함께 일하는 사람들'을 whom 없이 어떻게 말합니까?

정답 보기
필요합니다 — 아버지는 한 분이고, 관계사절은 정보를 덧붙일 뿐입니다: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit에는 목적어가 있으므로 that, which가 필요하거나 아무것도 넣지 않습니다: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
광고

한국어 화자의 오류

사용자 언어로 작성됨
1

계속적 용법에 쉼표를 빠뜨림

✗ My mother who is seventy still works

✓ My mother, who is seventy, still works

한국어의 '일흔 살인 우리 어머니'와 '옆집에 사는 여자'는 형태가 같아서, 좁혀 주는 설명과 덧붙이는 설명을 구별할 일이 없습니다. 영어에서는 쉼표가 뜻을 바꿉니다: 쉼표가 없으면 어머니가 여러 명인 것처럼 읽힙니다. 거꾸로 The students, who live in the city centre, pay more는 학생 모두가 도심에 산다는 뜻입니다.

2

계속적 용법에 that

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

that을 사람에게도 사물에게도 쓰는 편리한 말로 외워서 어디에나 쓰고 싶어집니다. 하지만 쉼표가 있는 관계사절에는 who나 which만 옵니다.

3

장소라서 where

✗ This is the town where I visited

✓ This is the town I visited

'내가 방문한 도시'와 '내가 사는 도시'는 한국어로 형태가 같습니다. 원래 문장에서 구별해 보십시오: '그 도시를 방문했다'처럼 '을/를'이 붙으면 which, that 또는 생략; '그 도시에 산다', '그 도시에서 자랐다'처럼 '에/에서'가 붙으면 where입니다.

4

전치사를 빠뜨림

✗ The people I work are friendly → ✓ The people I work with are friendly. ✗ the flat we live → ✓ the flat we live in. 한국어의 '함께 일하는', '사는'에는 전치사가 남지 않아서 잊기 쉽습니다. 반대로 where를 쓰면 전치사는 필요 없습니다: ✗ the town where I grew up in → ✓ the town where I grew up.

5

명사 뒤에 what

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring

what을 '~하는 것'으로 외워서 '우리가 본 영화'에도 쓰기 쉽습니다. 하지만 what은 그 자체가 '것'이라서 명사를 대신합니다: I don't know what he wants. 명사 뒤에는 쓰지 않습니다.

발음

3분

계속적 용법의 쉼표는 들립니다 — 쉬는 자리입니다:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

관계사절 자체는 괄호 속 말처럼 조금 낮고 빠르게 들립니다. 제한적 용법에서는 쉬지 않고, 전체를 한 덩어리로 말합니다:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

문장 부호가 소리로 들리는 드문 경우입니다: 귀로 들을 때 두 문장은 바로 이 쉼으로 구별됩니다.

whose /huːz/는 who's와 똑같이 들립니다. 관계사절의 that은 강세 없이 /ðət/입니다: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

광고

본문

5분

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

연습 문제

30분

1. who, which, whose, where, when 가운데 하나를 넣기.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
정답 보기
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. 두 문장을 한 문장으로 잇기.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (여자 형제는 한 명뿐)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
정답 보기
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. 계속적 용법이면 쉼표를 넣어 다시 쓰기.

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (우리 이웃은 이 사람들뿐)
정답 보기
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. 오류 찾기.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
정답 보기
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. 영어로 옮기기.

1) 내가 자란 도시는 바닷가에 있어요. 2) 우리 아버지는 1950년에 태어나셨는데, 아직도 일하세요. 3) 이 사람이 차를 도둑맞은 그 남자예요. 4) 내가 함께 일하는 사람들은 아주 친절해요. 5) 나는 우리가 이사한 날을 기억해요.

정답 보기
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. 자란 곳 묘사하기.

네다섯 문장: 적어도 제한적 용법 하나, 계속적 용법 하나, 그리고 whose, where, when 가운데 하나를 쓴 문장 하나.

예시: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

광고

정리

이번 과에서 다룬 내용: 제한적 용법과 계속적 용법의 관계사절, 그리고 쉼표의 역할; that은 제한적 용법에서만; 관계사를 생략할 수 있는 경우; whose; where와 which의 차이; when; 관계사절 끝의 전치사. 다음은 18과: 13~17과 복습.

핵심 종료

연습을 마치면 수업이 완료됩니다. 이후 내용은 선택 사항입니다.

수업 90

선택

단어 카드

단어 15개
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ 자라다, 성장하다
  • coast /kəʊst/ 해안
  • port /pɔːt/ 항구
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ 항구, 항만
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ 좁은
  • wave /weɪv/ 파도
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ 바람 부는
  • freeze /friːz/ 얼다
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ 수입, 소득
  • whose /huːz/ 누구의
  • nurse /nɜːs/ 간호사
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ 수도
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ 조종사
  • face /feɪs/ (창문이) ~을 향하다
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ 평생

쓰기

여섯 문장을 쓰십시오: 여러분이 자란 곳, 또는 여러분에게 많은 의미가 있는 사람에 대해. 관계사절 세 개: 제한적 용법 하나와 계속적 용법 둘.

예시

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

체크리스트

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광고

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