Gramàtica ~53 min del nucli restant

Descriure amb precisió una persona i un lloc

Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé afegir una descripció a una persona o una cosa —tant la que la identifica com la que només hi afegeix informació— i entenc en què es diferencien.

Comença la lliçó Nucli 53 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

15 min

A l'A2 #26 vas unir dues frases amb who, which i that per descriure amb més detall una persona o una cosa. Aleshores totes les frases de relatiu eren del mateix tipus. En realitat n'hi ha dues, i el que les distingeix és la coma, com en català: l'especificativa va sense comes, i l'explicativa, entre comes.

L'especificativa, sense comes. Respon a la pregunta «quin exactament?» i distingeix aquella persona o cosa de les altres. Sense ella no s'entén de qui es parla:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Quina dona? La que viu al costat.

L'explicativa, entre comes. Ja se sap de qui o de què es parla, i la frase només hi afegeix una informació. Si la treus, el sentit no se'n ressent:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mare només n'hi ha una; de passada es diu quants anys té.

La prova: treu la frase de relatiu. Si encara s'entén de qui o de què es parla, és explicativa, i calen comes. Si no, és especificativa, sense comes.

Compara. Les mateixes paraules, i un sentit diferent:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Hi ha més d'un germà; es parla del que viu a Itàlia.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Només hi ha un germà; de passada es diu on viu.

En què més es diferencien:

especificativa explicativa
comes no sí
that en lloc de who i which es pot no es pot
es pot ometre el pronom relatiu sí, si darrere hi ve un subjecte nou no

The film (that) we saw was boring — that es pot treure: darrere hi ve we. A l'explicativa el pronom relatiu sempre hi és: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Les explicatives són més freqüents per escrit; en la conversa, sovint se'n fan dues frases separades.

Tots els pronoms relatius:

per a què exemple
who persones the woman who called
which coses i animals the car which I bought
that persones i coses, només a l'especificativa the book that you lent me
whose de qui, del qual (possessió) the man whose car was stolen
where lloc the town where I grew up
when temps the summer when we met

whose substitueix his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Darrere de whose va directament el nom, sense article. També serveix per a coses: a house whose windows face the sea — encara que és més habitual dir a house with windows facing the sea.

where o which. where vol dir «on», «en què», i substitueix tot el lloc. Però si el verb de la frase de relatiu té el seu propi complement —visitar què, veure què—, cal which o that:

the town where I live on visc? — where
the town (that) I visited què vaig visitar? — that o res

La preposició se'n va al final. En català la preposició va davant del relatiu: «la persona amb qui treballo». En anglès es queda amb el seu verb, al final de la frase de relatiu: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. L'opció the man with whom I work existeix, però sona molt formal.

when darrere de les paraules de temps sovint s'omet: I remember the day (when) we met.

Més exemples:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edimburg (explicativa: només n'hi ha un).
The flat we live in is quite small. El pis on vivim és força petit.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? És aquell el cafè on vas esmorzar?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. El juliol és el mes en què…

Així no es diu. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. El complement de la frase de relatiu ja l'indica which, i el segon it sobra.

Posa't a prova. Calen comes a My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Per què no es pot dir the town where I visited? Com es diu «la gent amb qui treballo» sense whom?

mostra les respostes
sí, calen — pare només n'hi ha un, i la frase només hi afegeix informació: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit té complement, i per això cal that, which o res: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Anunci

Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

that a l'explicativa

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

En català el mateix «que» serveix amb comes i sense («el meu germà, que viu a Itàlia»), i sembla que that és igual d'universal. Però entre comes that no hi va mai: només who o which.

2

«Que el seu» en lloc de whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

«El fill de la qual» sona formal, i a la conversa surt «una dona que el seu fill va a la meva escola». En anglès això no funciona: cal whose, i darrere, el nom sol, sense her.

3

La preposició davant del relatiu

✗ the people with who I work

✗ the flat in that we live

✓ the people I work with

the flat we live in. «La gent amb qui treballo», «el pis en què vivim»: en català la preposició va davant. En anglès es queda al final, darrere del seu verb.

4

El subjecte que falta

✗ The book that lent me was great

✓ The book that you lent me was great

A «el llibre que em vas deixar» la forma del verb ja diu qui; lent, no. Sense you, la frase diu que el llibre et va deixar alguna cosa.

Pronunciació

3 min

Les comes de l'explicativa se senten: són pauses:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

La frase de relatiu mateixa sona una mica més baixa i més ràpida, com un comentari entre parèntesis. A l'especificativa no hi ha pausa, tot va en un sol grup:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

És un cas rar en què un signe de puntuació se sent: a l'oïda, les dues frases es distingeixen precisament per les pauses.

whose /huːz/ sona exactament igual que who's. that a la frase de relatiu és àton, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Anunci

Text

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Lectura en veu alta

Exercicis

30 min

1. Posar who, which, whose, where o when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Mostra les respostes
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Unir les dues frases en una.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (només hi ha una germana)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Mostra les respostes
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Reescriure posant-hi comes

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (no tenim altres veïns)
Mostra les respostes
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The people with who I work are very friendly.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Mostra les respostes
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly / The people with whom I work are very friendly; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) La ciutat on vaig créixer és a la vora del mar. 2) El meu pare, que va néixer el 1950, encara treballa. 3) Aquest és l'home a qui van robar el cotxe. 4) La gent amb qui treballo és molt simpàtica. 5) Recordo el dia que ens vam mudar.

Mostra les respostes
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Descriure el lloc on vas créixer.

Quatre o cinc frases: com a mínim una frase de relatiu especificativa, una d'explicativa i una amb whose, where o when.

Model: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Anunci

Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó: les frases de relatiu especificatives i explicatives i el paper de la coma, that només a l'especificativa, quan es pot ometre el pronom relatiu, whose, where i which, when, la preposició al final de la frase de relatiu. A continuació, la lliçó 18: repàs de les lliçons 13–17.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 90

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

15 paraules
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ créixer, fer-se gran
  • coast /kəʊst/ costa
  • port /pɔːt/ port
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ dàrsena, port (abric per a vaixells)
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ estret
  • wave /weɪv/ onada
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ ventós
  • freeze /friːz/ glaçar-se, gelar-se
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ ingressos
  • whose /huːz/ de qui, del qual
  • nurse /nɜːs/ infermera, infermer
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ capital
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ donar a, mirar a (les finestres)
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ tota la vida

Escriptura

Sis frases sobre el lloc on vas créixer o sobre una persona que és important per a tu. Tres frases de relatiu: una d'especificativa i dues d'explicatives.

Model

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

Llista de comprovació

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