Tata bahasa ~53 menit inti tersisa

Menggambarkan orang dan tempat dengan tepat

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Tata bahasa

15 menit

Di A2 #26 Anda menggabungkan dua kalimat dengan kata who, which, that dan menggambarkan orang atau benda dengan lebih rinci. Waktu itu semua klausa relatif sejenis. Sebenarnya ada dua jenis, dan yang membedakannya adalah koma.

Klausa pembatas — tanpa koma. Klausa ini menjawab pertanyaan “yang mana?” dan memisahkan benda itu dari yang lain. Tanpa klausa ini tidak jelas siapa yang dimaksud:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Perempuan yang mana? Yang tinggal di sebelah.

Klausa tambahan — di antara koma. Bendanya sudah jelas, dan klausa ini hanya memberitahukan sesuatu yang lain tentangnya. Jika dihilangkan, maknanya tidak rusak:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Ibu hanya satu; sekalian disebutkan umurnya.

Cara mengecek: buang klausanya. Jika tetap jelas siapa atau apa yang dimaksud — klausa itu tambahan, dan diperlukan koma. Jika tidak — klausa pembatas, tanpa koma.

Bandingkan. Kata-katanya sama, tetapi maknanya berbeda:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Saudara laki-laki saya lebih dari satu; yang dimaksud yang tinggal di Italia.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Saudara laki-laki saya hanya satu; sekalian disebutkan di mana dia tinggal.

Apa lagi bedanya:

pembatas tambahan
koma tidak ada ada
that sebagai pengganti who dan which boleh tidak boleh
kata relatif boleh dihilangkan ya, jika sesudahnya ada subjek baru tidak

The film (that) we saw was boring — that boleh dibuang, sesudahnya ada we. Dalam klausa tambahan kata relatif selalu tetap: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Klausa tambahan lebih sering muncul dalam tulisan; dalam percakapan sebagai gantinya orang sering memakai dua kalimat terpisah.

Semua kata relatif:

untuk apa contoh
who orang the woman who called
which benda dan binatang the car which I bought
that orang dan benda, hanya dalam klausa pembatas the book that you lent me
whose milik siapa, yang …-nya the man whose car was stolen
where tempat the town where I grew up
when waktu the summer when we met

whose menggantikan his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Sesudah whose langsung datang kata benda, tanpa artikel. Bisa juga untuk benda: a house whose windows face the sea — walaupun lebih sering orang berkata a house with windows facing the sea.

where atau which. where berarti “di tempat itu”, “tempat … di situ” dan menggantikan seluruh keterangan tempat. Tetapi jika kata kerja dalam klausa punya objeknya sendiri — mengunjungi apa, melihat apa, — diperlukan which atau that:

the town where I live tinggal di mana? — where
the town (that) I visited mengunjungi apa? — that atau tanpa kata

Kata depan pindah ke akhir. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kalimat seperti ini sering tidak memakai kata depan sama sekali (“apartemen yang kami tinggali”), atau kata depannya tetap di depan orangnya (“orang yang bekerja dengan saya”). Dalam bahasa Inggris kata depan tetap bersama kata kerjanya, di akhir klausa: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Varian the man with whom I work ada, tetapi terdengar sangat resmi.

when sesudah kata-kata waktu sering dihilangkan: I remember the day (when) we met.

Contoh lain:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgh (klausa tambahan: kotanya hanya satu).
The flat we live in is quite small. Apartemen yang kami tinggali kecil.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Itu kafe tempat kamu sarapan?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Juli adalah bulan ketika…

Jangan katakan begini. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Objek klausa sudah disebut oleh kata which, it kedua berlebihan.

Uji diri Anda. Apakah perlu koma dalam My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Mengapa tidak boleh the town where I visited? Bagaimana mengatakan “orang-orang yang bekerja dengan saya” tanpa whom?

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perlu — ayah hanya satu, klausanya hanya menambahkan informasi: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit punya objek, karena itu diperlukan that, which atau tanpa kata: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
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Kesalahan penutur bahasa Indonesia

ditulis untuk bahasa Anda
1

Satu “yang” untuk semua

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✗ The man which lives next door is a pilot

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

The man who lives next door is a pilot. “Yang” dipakai untuk orang dan benda, dengan koma dan tanpa koma, dan rasanya satu kata Inggris pun cukup. Tetapi untuk orang — who, dan dalam klausa dengan koma that tidak dipakai, hanya who atau which.

2

who her sebagai pengganti whose

✗ I met a woman who her son goes to my school

✓ I met a woman whose son goes to my school

“Perempuan yang anaknya sekolah di sekolah saya”: “yang” menjadi who, dan “-nya” menjadi her. Dalam bahasa Inggris keduanya digabung dalam satu kata — whose.

3

Kata depan hilang

✗ The flat we live is quite small

✓ The flat we live in is quite small

“Apartemen yang kami tinggali” — tugas kata depan dikerjakan oleh akhiran “-i”. Tetapi live dalam bahasa Inggris memerlukan in, dan in itu berdiri di akhir klausa.

Pelafalan

3 menit

Koma klausa tambahan terdengar — itu jeda:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Klausanya sendiri diucapkan sedikit lebih rendah dan lebih cepat, seperti catatan dalam kurung. Dalam klausa pembatas tidak ada jeda, semuanya diucapkan dalam satu frasa:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Ini kasus langka ketika tanda baca terdengar: di telinga kedua kalimat itu dibedakan justru oleh jeda.

whose /huːz/ terdengar sama dengan who's. that dalam klausa relatif tidak bertekanan, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

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Teks

5 menit

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

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Latihan

30 menit

1. Isilah dengan who, which, whose, where atau when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Tampilkan jawaban
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Gabungkan dua kalimat menjadi satu.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (saudara perempuan hanya satu)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Tampilkan jawaban
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Tulis ulang dengan koma

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (kami tidak punya tetangga lain)
Tampilkan jawaban
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Mencari kesalahan dan memperbaikinya.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The flat we live is quite small.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Tampilkan jawaban
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The flat we live in is quite small / The flat that we live in is quite small / The flat which we live in is quite small / The flat where we live is quite small / The flat in which we live is quite small; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris.

1) Kota tempat saya dibesarkan terletak di tepi laut. 2) Ayah saya, yang lahir pada tahun 1950, masih bekerja sampai sekarang. 3) Ini orang yang mobilnya dicuri. 4) Orang-orang yang bekerja dengan saya sangat ramah. 5) Saya ingat hari ketika kami pindah rumah.

Tampilkan jawaban
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Gambarkan tempat Anda dibesarkan.

Empat atau lima kalimat: setidaknya satu klausa pembatas, satu klausa tambahan, dan satu dengan whose, where atau when.

Contoh: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

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Ringkasan

Sudah dibahas: klausa pembatas dan klausa tambahan serta peran koma, that hanya dalam klausa pembatas, kapan kata relatif boleh dihilangkan, whose, where dan which, when, kata depan di akhir klausa. Berikutnya — pelajaran 18: pengulangan pelajaran 13–17.

Akhir inti

Pelajaran dianggap selesai setelah latihan dikerjakan. Semua setelah ini bersifat opsional.

Pelajaran 90

opsional

Kosakata untuk dek kartu

15 kata
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ tumbuh, tumbuh dewasa
  • coast /kəʊst/ pesisir, pantai
  • port /pɔːt/ pelabuhan
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ pelabuhan (teluk tempat kapal berlabuh)
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ sempit
  • wave /weɪv/ ombak, gelombang
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ berangin
  • freeze /friːz/ membeku
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ penghasilan
  • whose /huːz/ milik siapa
  • nurse /nɜːs/ perawat
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ ibu kota
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilot
  • face /feɪs/ menghadap ke
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ sepanjang hidupnya

Menulis

Enam kalimat tentang tempat Anda dibesarkan atau tentang orang yang sangat berarti bagi Anda. Tiga klausa relatif: satu klausa pembatas dan dua klausa tambahan.

Contoh

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

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