Gramatika liko ~53 min pagrindinės dalies

Tiksliai apibūdinti žmogų ir vietą

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu pridėti prie daiktavardžio apibūdinimą — ir patikslinamąjį, ir papildomąjį — ir suprantu, kuo jie skiriasi.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 53 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

15 min

A2 #26 pamokoje jungėte du sakinius žodžiais who, which, that ir išsamiau apibūdinote žmogų ar daiktą. Tada visi šalutiniai sakiniai buvo vienos rūšies. Iš tikrųjų jų yra dvi, ir jas skiria kablelis.

Patikslinamasis šalutinis sakinys — be kablelių. Jis atsako į klausimą „kuris būtent?“ ir išskiria daiktą iš kitų. Be jo neaišku, apie ką kalbama:

The woman who lives next door is a nurse. — Kuri moteris? Ta, kuri gyvena šalia.

Papildomasis šalutinis sakinys — tarp kablelių. Daiktas ir taip žinomas, o šalutinis sakinys tik praneša apie jį dar ką nors. Jei jį išmesite, prasmė nenukentės:

My mother, who is seventy, still works. — Mama viena; tarp kitko pasakyta, kiek jai metų.

Patikrinimas: išmeskite šalutinį sakinį. Jei liko aišku, apie ką kalbama, — jis papildomasis, ir reikia kablelių. Jei ne — patikslinamasis, be kablelių.

Palyginkite. Tie patys žodžiai, o prasmė skirtinga:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor. Brolių keli; kalbama apie tą, kuris gyvena Italijoje.
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor. Brolis vienas; tarp kitko pasakyta, kur jis gyvena.

Kuo jie dar skiriasi:

patikslinamasis papildomasis
kableliai nėra yra
that vietoj who ir which galima negalima
galima praleisti jungiamąjį žodį taip, jei po jo eina naujas veiksnys ne

The film (that) we saw was boring — that galima praleisti, po jo stovi we. Papildomajame sakinyje jungiamasis žodis lieka visada: The film, which we saw last week, was boring. Papildomieji šalutiniai sakiniai dažniau pasitaiko rašant; kalbant vietoj jų neretai sakomi du atskiri sakiniai.

Visi jungiamieji žodžiai:

apie ką pavyzdys
who žmonės the woman who called
which daiktai ir gyvūnai the car which I bought
that žmonės ir daiktai, tik patikslinamajame the book that you lent me
whose kieno, kurio the man whose car was stolen
where vieta the town where I grew up
when laikas the summer when we met

whose pakeičia his, her, their, its: I met a woman. Her son goes to my school. → I met a woman whose son goes to my school. Po whose iš karto eina daiktavardis, be artikelio. Tinka ir daiktams: a house whose windows face the sea — nors dažniau sakoma a house with windows facing the sea.

where ar which. where reiškia „kuriame“, „kurioje“ ir pakeičia visą vietą. Jei šalutinio sakinio veiksmažodis turi savo papildinį — aplankė ką, matė ką, — reikia which arba that:

the town where I live gyvenu kur? — where
the town (that) I visited aplankiau ką? — that arba nieko

Prielinksnis keliauja į galą. Lietuviškai prielinksnis stovi prieš „kuris“: „žmogus, su kuriuo dirbu“. Angliškai jis lieka prie savo veiksmažodžio, šalutinio sakinio gale: the man (who) I work with, the flat (that) we live in, the people I spoke to. Variantas the man with whom I work egzistuoja, bet skamba labai oficialiai.

when po laiko žodžių dažnai praleidžiamas: I remember the day (when) we met.

Daugiau pavyzdžių:

Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival. Edinburgas (papildomasis: miestas vienas).
The flat we live in is quite small. Butas, kuriame gyvename, mažas.
Is that the café where you had breakfast? Ar tai ta kavinė, kur pusryčiavai?
July is the month when most people go on holiday. Liepa — mėnuo, kai…

Taip nesakoma. ✗ The book which I bought it yesterday is good → ✓ The book which I bought yesterday is good. Šalutinio sakinio papildinys jau įvardytas žodžiu which, antras it nereikalingas.

Pasitikrinkite. Ar reikia kablelių sakinyje My father who is a doctor works in Leeds? Kodėl negalima the town where I visited? Kaip pasakyti „žmonės, su kuriais dirbu“ be whom?

rodyti atsakymus
reikia — tėvas vienas, šalutinis sakinys tik prideda žinių: My father, who is a doctor, works in Leeds; visit turi papildinį, todėl reikia that, which arba nieko: the town (that) I visited; the people I work with / the people who I work with / the people that I work with.
Reklama

Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

Kablelis pagal lietuvišką taisyklę

Lietuviškai šalutinis sakinys su „kuris“ visada skiriamas kableliais. Angliškai kablelis keičia prasmę. The students, who live in the city centre, pay more reiškia, kad visi studentai gyvena centre ir visi moka daugiau. Jei norite pasakyti „tie studentai, kurie gyvena centre“, kablelių nededama: The students who live in the city centre pay more.

2

that papildomajame sakinyje

✗ My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor

✓ My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor

Lietuviškas „kuris“ tinka bet kuriam šalutiniam sakiniui, ir that, kurį A2 #26 pamokoje vartojote ir žmonėms, ir daiktams, atrodo toks pat universalus. Bet sakinyje su kableliais that nebūna — tik who arba which.

3

Prielinksnis prieš jungiamąjį žodį

✗ The people with who I work are very friendly

✓ The people I work with are very friendly

Lietuviškai „žmonės, su kuriais dirbu“ — prielinksnis stovi prieš „kuriais“, ir ranka jį ten ir padeda. Angliškai prielinksnis lieka gale, prie savo veiksmažodžio. with whom egzistuoja, bet skamba labai oficialiai, o with who — klaida.

4

what vietoj that

✗ The film what we saw was boring

✓ The film that we saw was boring

arba The film we saw was boring. Šnekamojoje kalboje dažnai girdėti „filmas, ką matėm“ — su „ką“ vietoj „kurį“, — ir tas „ką“ virsta what. Bet angliškas what reiškia „tai, ką“ ir pats pakeičia daiktą: I don't know what he wants. Po daiktavardžio jis nededamas.

Tarimas

3 min

Papildomojo šalutinio sakinio kableliai girdimi — tai pauzės:

My brother ‖ who lives in Italy ‖ is a doctor.

Pats šalutinis sakinys skamba šiek tiek žemiau ir greičiau, kaip pastaba skliaustuose. Patikslinamajame pauzės nėra, viskas tariama viena fraze:

My brother who lives in Italy is a doctor.

Tai retas atvejis, kai skyrybos ženklas skamba: iš klausos du sakiniai skiriasi būtent pauzėmis.

whose /huːz/ skamba lygiai taip pat kaip who's. that šalutiniame sakinyje nekirčiuotas, /ðət/: the book that you lent me — /ðə ˈbʊk ðət juː ˈlent miː/.

Reklama

Tekstas

5 min

The town where I grew up is on the north-east coast of England, about an hour from Newcastle. It's the kind of place that most people drive through without stopping.

My grandfather, who was born there in 1938, worked at the port all his life. The port, which was once the busiest on that part of the coast, closed in the eighties, and many families lost their main income.

We lived in a narrow house that looked straight out at the sea. The room I slept in was at the top, and on windy nights I could hear the waves. The house has been sold twice since then, and the people who live there now have painted it bright blue.

Last summer I went back for a weekend. In a café near the harbour I met an old man whose father had worked with my grandfather. He remembered the winter when the harbour froze — something my grandfather had told me about, but I had never quite believed. We talked for two hours, and before I left he showed me an old photo that he kept in his wallet: both our families on the beach, all smiling at the camera.

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

30 min

1. Įrašykite who, which, whose, where arba when.

  1. The town I grew up is on the coast
  2. The man car was stolen called the police
  3. I'll never forget the day we met
  4. My grandmother, is ninety, still lives alone
  5. Our flat, is on the fifth floor, has no lift
  6. Is this the café you had breakfast?
  7. She's the colleague I told you about
  8. I met a girl brother plays for Arsenal
Rodyti atsakymus
where; whose; when / that / —; who; which; where; who / that / —; whose

2. Sujunkite du sakinius į vieną.

  1. I met a man. + His father knew my grandfather.
  2. My sister lives in Rome. + She is a teacher. (sesuo viena)
  3. This is the house. + I was born in this house. (where)
  4. The film was boring. + We saw it last night.
  5. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. + It has a famous festival.
  6. The people are very friendly. + I work with them.
  7. I remember the summer. + We went to Wales that summer. (when)
  8. The hotel was very expensive. + We stayed in it.
Rodyti atsakymus
I met a man whose father knew my grandfather; My sister, who lives in Rome, is a teacher / My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Rome; This is the house where I was born / This is the house I was born in / This is the house that I was born in; The film we saw last night was boring / The film that we saw last night was boring / The film which we saw last night was boring; Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland, has a famous festival / Edinburgh, which has a famous festival, is the capital of Scotland; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly / The people that I work with are very friendly; I remember the summer when we went to Wales / I remember the summer we went to Wales; The hotel we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel that we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel which we stayed in was very expensive / The hotel where we stayed was very expensive

3. Perrašykite, sudėdami kablelius

  1. My mother who is a nurse works at night.
  2. The woman who lives next door is a nurse.
  3. London which is the capital of the UK is very expensive.
  4. The book that you lent me was great.
  5. Our neighbours who moved here last year have two dogs. (kitų kaimynų neturime)
Rodyti atsakymus
My mother, who is a nurse, works at night; The woman who lives next door is a nurse; London, which is the capital of the UK, is very expensive; The book that you lent me was great; Our neighbours, who moved here last year, have two dogs

4. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. My brother, that lives in Italy, is a doctor.
  2. This is the town where I visited last year.
  3. The film what we saw was boring.
  4. The man which lives next door is a pilot.
  5. The book which I bought it yesterday is very good.
  6. I met a woman who her son goes to my school.
Rodyti atsakymus
My brother, who lives in Italy, is a doctor; This is the town I visited last year / This is the town that I visited last year / This is the town which I visited last year; The film that we saw was boring / The film we saw was boring / The film which we saw was boring; The man who lives next door is a pilot / The man that lives next door is a pilot; The book which I bought yesterday is very good / The book that I bought yesterday is very good / The book I bought yesterday is very good; I met a woman whose son goes to my school

5. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Miestas, kuriame užaugau, yra prie jūros. 2) Mano tėvas, kuris gimė 1950 metais, vis dar dirba. 3) Tai tas žmogus, kurio automobilį pavogė. 4) Žmonės, su kuriais dirbu, labai draugiški. 5) Prisimenu dieną, kai persikraustėme.

Rodyti atsakymus
The town where I grew up is by the sea / The town I grew up in is by the sea; My father, who was born in 1950, still works / My father, who was born in 1950, is still working; This is the man whose car was stolen / That's the man whose car was stolen; The people I work with are very friendly / The people who I work with are very friendly; I remember the day we moved / I remember the day when we moved

6. Apibūdinkite vietą, kurioje užaugote.

Keturi penki sakiniai: bent vienas patikslinamasis šalutinis sakinys, vienas papildomasis ir vienas su whose, where arba when.

Pavyzdys: I grew up in a small town where everybody knew everybody. Our school, which was built in the sixties, was next to the river. My best friend was a boy whose parents ran the bakery. The house we lived in has been sold.

Reklama

Santrauka

Išmokta: patikslinamieji ir papildomieji šalutiniai sakiniai ir kablelio vaidmuo, that tik patikslinamajame, kada galima praleisti jungiamąjį žodį, whose, where prieš which, when, prielinksnis šalutinio sakinio gale. Toliau — 18 pamoka: 13–17 pamokų kartojimas.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 90

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

15 žodžių
  • grow up /ˌɡrəʊ ˈʌp/ augti, užaugti
  • coast /kəʊst/ pajūris, pakrantė
  • port /pɔːt/ uostas
  • harbour /ˈhɑːbə/ uostas, prieplauka
  • narrow /ˈnærəʊ/ siauras
  • wave /weɪv/ banga
  • windy /ˈwɪndi/ vėjuotas
  • freeze /friːz/ užšalti
  • income /ˈɪnkʌm/ pajamos
  • whose /huːz/ kieno
  • nurse /nɜːs/ slaugytoja, slaugytojas
  • capital /ˈkæpɪtl/ sostinė
  • pilot /ˈpaɪlət/ pilotas, lakūnas
  • face /feɪs/ būti atgręžtam (langais) į
  • all his life /ˌɔːl hɪz ˈlaɪf/ visą gyvenimą

Rašymas

Šeši sakiniai apie vietą, kurioje užaugote, arba apie žmogų, kuris jums labai daug reiškia. Trys šalutiniai sakiniai: vienas patikslinamasis ir du papildomieji.

Pavyzdys

The village my grandparents lived in is in the hills. My grandmother, who was a teacher, knew every family there. She worked at the village school for thirty years. Her neighbour, whose garden was full of roses, always gave us apples. The house was sold after she died. I still have her letters.

Kontrolinis sąrašas

Juodraštis išsaugotas šiame įrenginyje
Reklama

Praktikuokite šią pamoką kituose skyriuose

Diktantasremiantis šia pamoka Užrašykite tai, ką girdite. Patikrinimas rodo kiekvieną skirtingą žodį ir kaip. Rašykite diktantą Skaitymas balsuremiantis šia pamoka Skaitykite pamokos tekstą balsu — kalbos atpažinimas paryškina žodžius, kurių neišgirdo. Skaitykite tekstą garsiai Skaitymas ir klausymasA1–C1 Įvairaus lygio tekstai su supratimo klausimais; transkripcija atsidaro atsakius. Išbandykite

Turite idėją funkcijai?

Siųsti idėją
Reklama
Reklama