Grammatika ~59 min tuumikust jäänud

Selgitada oma otsust

Pärast seda õppetundi oskad

Oskan selgitada, miks ma midagi tegin, ja tunnistada vastuväidet, oma seisukohast loobumata.

Alusta tundi Tuum 59 min · sammud: 6 · valikuline: +2

Väljakuulutatud tuuma aeg. Kaks tuumaplokki ei sisalda aega, seega on tegelik õppetund sellest summast pikem.

Grammatika

18 min

Otsust selgitada tähendab vastata kolmele küsimusele: milleks (eesmärk), miks (põhjus) ja „jah, aga…“ (möönmine: tunnistada seda, mis takistas, ja jääda ikkagi oma juurde). Osa sõnu sa juba tead: to + verb tähenduses „et, selleks et“ (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Nüüd — täielik komplekt.

Tunni peamine reegel on üks: mõne sõna järel tuleb terve lause — alus ja verb, teiste järel ainult nimisõna või -ing-vorm. Peaaegu kõik vead tulevad siin sellest, et ühe veeru sõna pannakse lausesse nagu teise veeru sõna.

+ lause + nimisõna või -ing
eesmärk so that — (verbiga: to, in order to)
põhjus because, as, since because of
möönmine although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Eesmärk — milleks.

to + verb on kõige sagedasem viis: I came in early to finish the report. — „Tulin varem, et aruanne lõpetada“.

in order to on sama, ainult ametlikum; nii kirjutatakse kirjades ja teadaannetes: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Eitus on in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + lause on vaja siis, kui eesmärgil on oma alus: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — ära läksin mina, sisse pidi saama tema. to siin ei sobi: see ütleks, et sisse kavatsesin minna ma ise. so that-i sees on tavaliselt modaalverb: oleviku ja tuleviku kohta — can, will või lihtsalt olevik, mineviku kohta — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Kirjutan üles, et mitte unustada.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Kirjutasin üles, et mitte unustada.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Rääkige valjemini, et kõik kuuleksid.

Kõnes jäetakse that sageli ära: I left the key so she could get in.

for + nimisõna on samuti eesmärk, kuid eseme, mitte tegevusega: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Verbi ette for-i ei panda: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Ära aja segi so that-i ja so … that-i. B1 #30-s oli so … that — „nii…, et“: tagajärg. Siin on so that — „selleks et“: eesmärk. Neid eristab see, kas so ja that vahel on mõni sõna:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Läksin vara, et rongile jõuda. — eesmärk
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Läksin nii vara, et jõudsin varasemale rongile. — tagajärg

Põhjus — miks.

because + lause: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + nimisõna: We took a taxi because of the rain. Tähendus on üks, jätk on aga eri kujuga.

as ja since + lause — samuti „kuna, kuivõrd“. Neid võetakse siis, kui põhjus on mõlemale teada või ilmne, ja pannakse tavaliselt algusse: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? See kõlab veidi raamatulikumalt kui because. since-i tead A2 #5-st kui „sellest ajast, kui“; neid eristab verbi ajavorm: I've lived here since I was ten — aeg, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — põhjus.

Kõnes võib küsimusele Why? vastata ainult Because…-ga: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Kirjas Because-lauset eraldi ei panda: see liidetakse pealausega.

Möönmine — „kuigi“, „vaatamata“. Möönmine tunnistab fakti, mis räägib sinu vastu, — ja viib ikkagi sinu otsuseni. Just nii tunnistatakse vastuväidet, oma seisukohast loobumata.

although + lause: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though on sama, ainult kõnekeelsem. See võib seista ka päris lõpus, koma järel: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Kallis oli. Ostsime selle siiski ära“.

even though on tugevam: fakt oli kindlasti olemas ja kaalukas, kuid ei takistanud: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Kuigi ta vabandas, ei andestanud naine talle“.

despite ja in spite of + nimisõna või -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — ilma of-ita, in spite of — of-iga. Terve lause liitmiseks on vaja despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „siiski, kuid“. See pole sidesõna: see seisab kahe eraldi lause vahel, ja selle järel on koma: It was raining. However, we went out. Kõige lihtsam viis on but: It was raining, but we went out.

Üks sidesõna ühe seose kohta. Eesti keeles võib teises osas seista „siiski“ või „ometi“: „Kuigi sadas, läksime siiski välja“. Inglise keeles although-i ja but-i koos ei panda: kas Although it was raining, we went out või It was raining, but we went out.

Kuidas vastuväidet tunnistada. Valmis vormelid vestluseks:

That's true, but I still think… See on tõsi, aga ma arvan ikkagi…
I see your point, but… Saan aru, mida te mõtlete, aga…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Tean, et see on kallis. Sellegipoolest on see seda väärt.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Kuigi see on kallim, säästame aega.

on time ja in time. Eesti „õigel ajal“ sobib mõlemale, kuid tähendus on erinev:

The train left on time. täpselt sõiduplaani järgi, hilinemata
We got to the station in time to catch the train. jõudsime: aega jätkus

on time — kokkulepitud hetkel, mitte hiljem. in time — piisavalt vara, et midagi jõuda: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „täpselt õigeks ajaks, viimasel hetkel“.

Veel näiteid:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Õpin hispaania keelt, et rääkida oma naise sugulastega.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Broneerisime vara, et saada hea hind.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Mäng jäi lume tõttu ära.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Kuna meil polnud autot, sõitsime bussiga.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Vaatamata kõigile raskustele õnnestus projekt.

Nii ei öelda. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. in order to järel tuleb verb, mitte lause.

Kontrolli ennast. Mille poolest erineb I left early so that I could catch the train lausest I left so early that I caught the train? Kirjuta ümber despite-iga: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time või in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

näita vastuseid
esimene on eesmärk (et rongile jõuda), teine tagajärg (nii vara, et jõudis); Despite being ill, he went to work või Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
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Eesti keele kõneleja vead

kirjutatud sinu keele jaoks
1

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

või in spite of the rain. Eesti „hoolimata vihmast“ lõpeb „-st“-ga, mis tundub of-ina, ja in spite of-i of kleebitakse despite-i külge. despite on aga ilma of-ita.

2

despite + lause

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

või Despite the late hour… Eesti „vaatamata sellele, et oli hilja“ jätkub terve lausega, ja „sellele, et“ jääb tõlkes lihtsalt ära. Inglise despite võtab ainult nimisõna või -ing-vormi; lause jaoks on vaja although-i või pikka despite the fact that.

3

for verbi ees

✗ I came for finish the report

✓ I came to finish the report

Eesti „aruande lõpetamiseks“ vastab küsimusele „milleks?“ ja tõmbab for-i poole. Verbiga eesmärk on aga to — sama viga mis A2 #21-s.

4

„Et“ kui so that ilma aluseta

✗ I'm learning English so that get a better job

✓ I'm learning English to get a better job

või so that I can get a better job. Eesti „õpin, et saada parem töö“ seob „et“ otse verbiga. Inglise so that-i järel on terve lause alusega; kui alust pole, piisab to-st.

5

because of lause ees

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

või because of the bad traffic. Eesti „selle tõttu, et“ tõmbab kaasa of-i, aga lause ees seisab because üksi — nagu A2 #31-s.

Hääldus

4 min

Seossõnade rõhk: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ ja despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — teisel silbil; however /haʊˈevə/ — samuti teisel. because lüheneb kiires kõnes /bɪˈkəz/-ks või isegi /kəz/-ks; kirjas esineb kõnekeelne 'cos ainult kirjavahetuses.

though, through, thought — kolm sarnast sõna, mida on kõrvaga kerge segi ajada:

though /ðəʊ/ — heliline /ð/, diftong /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — „läbi“, helitu /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — „mõtles“, helitu /θ/

Paus pärast möönmist kannab tähendust. Hääl tõuseb kõrvallause lõpus, siis on lühike paus, ja pealause kõlab langeva tooniga:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However lause alguses on eraldi tükk oma pausiga: However ‖ we went out.

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Tekst

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Valjusti lugemine

Harjutused

32 min

1. Pane lünka

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Näita vastuseid
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Ühenda kaks lauset üheks

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Näita vastuseid
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Kirjuta ümber

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Näita vastuseid
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Vea leidmine.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Näita vastuseid
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Tõlgi inglise keelde.

1) Tulin varem, et saada head kohad. 2) Kuigi plaan on kallis, arvan, et see on seda väärt. 3) Vaatamata hilinemisele jõudsime rongile. 4) Kui sa juba vaba oled, aita mind, palun. 5) Saan aru, mida te mõtlete, aga arvan ikkagi, et see on õige otsus.

Näita vastuseid
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Vasta vastuväitele,

oma seisukohast loobumata: tunnista fakti ja selgita otsust. Allolevad vastused on näidis. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Näita vastuseid
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
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Kokkuvõte

Selles tunnis läbitud: eesmärk to, in order to, so that ja for + nimisõna abil; so that ja so … that; põhjus because, because of, as, since abil; möönmine although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however abil; vormelid vastuväite tunnistamiseks; on time ja in time. Edasi — 33. tund: harjumused varem ja praegu.

Tuumiku lõpp

Tund loetakse tehtuks, kui harjutused on sooritatud. Kõik pärast seda on valikuline.

Tund 105

valikuline

Sõnavara kaardipakki

16 sõna
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ selleks et
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ et, selleks et (+ lause)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ kuigi
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ kuigi küll, isegi kui
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ vaatamata
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ hoolimata, vaatamata
  • however /haʊˈevə/ siiski, kuid
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ sellegipoolest
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ õigel ajal (sõiduplaani järgi)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ töökindel, usaldusväärne
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ kindlustus
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ ringi liikuma
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ rentima, laenutama
  • van /væn/ kaubik
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ juhiluba
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ plaaster

Kirjutamine

Kuus-seitse lauset otsusest, mille sa hiljuti tegid: milleks sa nii tegid, miks, mis rääkis vastu — ja miks sul on ikkagi õigus.

Näidis

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

Kontroll-loend

Mustand salvestatakse selles seadmes
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Harjuta seda õppetundi teistes osades

Diktaatselle tunni põhjal Kirjuta üles see, mida kuuled. Kontroll näitab iga erinevat sõna ja kuidas. Kirjuta diktaat Valjusti lugemineselle tunni põhjal Loe tunni tekst valjusti — kõnetuvastus märgib sõnad, mida ei tuvastanud. Loe tekst ette Lugemine ja kuulamineA1–C1 Tekstid igal tasemel koos mõistmisküsimustega; transkript avaneb pärast vastamist. Proovi

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