Gramatika liko ~59 min pagrindinės dalies

Paaiškinti sprendimą

Po šios pamokos galėsite

Galiu paaiškinti, kodėl ką nors padariau, ir pripažinti prieštaravimą, neatsisakydamas savo nuomonės.

Pradėti pamoką Pagrindinė dalis 59 min · žingsniai: 6 · neprivaloma: +2

Nurodytas pagrindinės dalies laikas. Dvi pagrindinės dalies blokai neturi laiko, todėl tikroji pamoka yra ilgesnė nei ši suma.

Gramatika

18 min

Paaiškinti sprendimą — tai atsakyti į tris klausimus: kam (tikslas), kodėl (priežastis) ir „taip, bet…“ (nuolaida: pripažinti tai, kas trukdė, ir vis tiek likti prie savo). Dalį žodžių jūs žinote: to + veiksmažodis reikšme „kad, tam kad“ (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Dabar — visas rinkinys.

Pagrindinė pamokos taisyklė viena: po vienų žodžių eina visas sakinys — su veiksniu ir tariniu, po kitų — tik daiktavardis arba forma su -ing. Beveik visos klaidos čia kyla iš to, kad žodį iš vieno stulpelio vartoja kaip žodį iš kito.

+ sakinys + daiktavardis arba -ing
tikslas so that — (su veiksmažodžiu: to, in order to)
priežastis because, as, since because of
nuolaida although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Tikslas — kam.

to + veiksmažodis — dažniausias būdas: I came in early to finish the report. — „Atėjau anksčiau, kad baigčiau ataskaitą“.

in order to — tas pats, tik oficialiau; taip rašoma laiškuose ir skelbimuose: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Neiginys — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + sakinys reikalingas, kai tikslas turi savo veiksnį: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — išėjau aš, o įeiti turi ji. to čia netinka: jis pasakytų, kad įeiti ketinau aš pats. Dalyje su so that paprastai stovi modalinis veiksmažodis: apie dabartį ir ateitį — can, will arba tiesiog esamasis laikas, apie praeitį — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Užsirašau, kad nepamirščiau.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Užsirašiau, kad nepamirščiau.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Kalbėkite garsiau, kad visi girdėtų.

Šnekamojoje kalboje that dažnai praleidžiamas: I left the key so she could get in.

for + daiktavardis — irgi tikslas, bet su daiktu, o ne su veiksmu: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Prieš veiksmažodį for nededamas: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Nepainiokite so that ir so … that. B1 #30 pamokoje buvo so … that — „taip…, kad“: pasekmė. Čia so that — „kad, tam kad“: tikslas. Lietuviškai abiem atvejais sakome „kad“, skiriasi tik veiksmažodžio nuosaka („kad spėčiau“ ir „kad spėjau“). Angliškai jie skiriasi tuo, ar tarp so ir that yra žodis:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Išėjau anksti, kad spėčiau į traukinį. — tikslas
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Išėjau taip anksti, kad spėjau į ankstesnį traukinį. — pasekmė

Priežastis — kodėl.

because + sakinys: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + daiktavardis: We took a taxi because of the rain. Prasmė ta pati, o tęsinio forma skirtinga.

as ir since + sakinys — taip pat „kadangi, nes“. Jie vartojami, kai priežastis žinoma abiem arba akivaizdi, ir paprastai dedami į pradžią: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Tai skamba šiek tiek knygiškiau nei because. since jūs žinote iš A2 #5 kaip „nuo tada, kai“; juos skiria veiksmažodžio laikas: I've lived here since I was ten — laikas, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — priežastis.

Šnekamojoje kalboje į klausimą Why? galima atsakyti vien Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Rašant sakinys su Because atskirai nestatomas: jis prijungiamas prie pagrindinio.

Nuolaida — „nors“, „nepaisant“. Nuolaida pripažįsta faktą, kuris kalba prieš jus, — ir vis tiek veda prie jūsų sprendimo. Būtent taip pripažįstamas prieštaravimas, neatsisakant savo nuomonės.

although + sakinys: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — tas pats, tik šnekamesnis. Jis gali stovėti ir pačiame gale, po kablelio: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Buvo brangu. Bet vis dėlto nupirkome“.

even though — stipresnis: faktas tikrai buvo, ir jis svarus, bet nesutrukdė: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Nors jis ir atsiprašė, ji jam neatleido“.

despite ir in spite of + daiktavardis arba -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — be of, in spite of — su of. Kad prijungtumėte visą sakinį, reikia despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „tačiau“. Tai ne jungtukas: jis stovi tarp dviejų atskirų sakinių, ir po jo dedamas kablelis: It was raining. However, we went out. Paprasčiausias būdas — but: It was raining, but we went out.

Vienas jungtukas vienam ryšiui. Lietuviškai „nors…, bet…“ skamba natūraliai. Angliškai although ir but kartu nevartojami: arba Although it was raining, we went out, arba It was raining, but we went out.

Kaip pripažinti prieštaravimą. Paruoštos frazės pokalbiui:

That's true, but I still think… Tai tiesa, bet aš vis tiek manau…
I see your point, but… Suprantu, ką norite pasakyti, bet…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Žinau, kad brangu. Vis dėlto verta.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Nors tai brangiau, sutaupysime laiko.

on time ir in time. Lietuviškai abu — „laiku“, bet prasmė skirtinga:

The train left on time. tiksliai pagal tvarkaraštį, nevėluodamas
We got to the station in time to catch the train. spėjome: laiko užteko

on time — nustatytu momentu, ne vėliau. in time — pakankamai anksti, kad ką nors spėtumėte: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „kaip tik spėjome, paskutinę akimirką“.

Daugiau pavyzdžių:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Mokausi ispanų kalbos, kad galėčiau kalbėtis su žmonos šeima.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Užsisakėme anksti, kad gautume gerą kainą.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Rungtynės atšauktos dėl sniego.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Kadangi automobilio neturėjome, važiavome autobusu.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Nepaisant visų sunkumų, projektas pavyko.

Taip nesakoma. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Po in order to eina veiksmažodis, o ne sakinys.

Pasitikrinkite. Kuo skiriasi I left early so that I could catch the train nuo I left so early that I caught the train? Perrašykite su despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time ar in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

rodyti atsakymus
pirmasis — tikslas (kad spėčiau), antrasis — pasekmė (taip anksti, kad spėjau); Despite being ill, he went to work arba Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
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Lietuvių kalbos gimtakalbių klaidos

parašyta jūsų kalbai
1

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

arba in spite of the rain. Po „nepaisant“ eina kilmininkas („nepaisant lietaus“), o kilmininkas dažnai virsta of (B1 #27). Be to, of atkeliauja iš in spite of, ir dvi konstrukcijos susilieja į vieną.

2

despite + sakinys

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

arba Despite the late hour… Lietuviškai po „nepaisant to, kad“ ramiai eina visas sakinys, ir angliškai „to, kad“ tiesiog praleidžiamas. Bet despite prisiima tik daiktavardį arba -ing; sakiniui reikia although arba ilgojo despite the fact that.

3

although ir but kartu

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

Lietuviškas „nors…, bet…“ skamba natūraliai, todėl but atsiranda antrojoje dalyje. Angliškai vienam ryšiui — vienas jungtukas.

4

because of + sakinys

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

arba because of the bad traffic. Ta pati klaida kaip A2 #31: „dėl to, kad“ prasideda tuo pačiu „dėl“, kuris prieš daiktavardį verčiamas because of. Prieš sakinį — tik because.

5

Vienas „laiku“ dviem angliškiems

✗ We got there just on time to see the start

✓ just in time to see the start

Lietuviškai „laiku“ tinka abiem prasmėms, o angliškai on time — „pagal tvarkaraštį“, o „spėti ką nors padaryti“ — in time.

Tarimas

4 min

Jungiamųjų žodžių kirtis: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ ir despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — antrajame skiemenyje; however /haʊˈevə/ — taip pat antrajame. because greitoje kalboje sutrumpėja iki /bɪˈkəz/ ar net /kəz/; rašte šnekamasis 'cos pasitaiko tik susirašinėjant.

though, through, thought — trys panašūs žodžiai, kuriuos lengva supainioti iš klausos:

though /ðəʊ/ — skardusis /ð/, dvibalsis /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — „per, pro“, duslusis /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — „galvojo“, duslusis /θ/

Pauzė po nuolaidos turi prasmę. Šalutinio sakinio gale balsas pakyla, tada trumpa pauzė, ir pagrindinė dalis skamba krintančia intonacija:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However sakinio pradžioje — atskiras gabalas su savo pauze: However ‖ we went out.

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Tekstas

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Skaitymas balsu

Pratimai

32 min

1. Įrašykite

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Rodyti atsakymus
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Sujunkite

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Rodyti atsakymus
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Perrašykite

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Rodyti atsakymus
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Raskite klaidą ir ištaisykite.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Rodyti atsakymus
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Išverskite į anglų kalbą.

1) Atėjau anksčiau, kad užimčiau geras vietas. 2) Nors planas brangus, manau, kad jis to vertas. 3) Nepaisant vėlavimo, spėjome į traukinį. 4) Jei jau esi laisvas, padėk man, prašau. 5) Suprantu, ką norite pasakyti, bet vis tiek manau, kad tai teisingas sprendimas.

Rodyti atsakymus
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Atsakykite į prieštaravimą,

neatsisakydami savo nuomonės: pripažinkite faktą ir paaiškinkite sprendimą. Atsakymai žemiau — pavyzdys. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Rodyti atsakymus
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
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Santrauka

Išmokta: tikslas per to, in order to, so that ir for + daiktavardis; so that ir so … that skirtumas; priežastis per because, because of, as, since; nuolaida per although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; frazės prieštaravimui pripažinti; on time ir in time skirtumas. Toliau — 33 pamoka: praeities ir dabarties įpročiai.

Pagrindinės dalies pabaiga

Pamoka laikoma baigta, kai atliekate pratimus. Viskas po to yra neprivaloma.

Pamoka 105

neprivaloma

Žodžiai kortelėms

16 žodžių
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ tam, kad; siekiant
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ kad (+ sakinys)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ nors
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ nors ir
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ nepaisant
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ nepaisant
  • however /haʊˈevə/ tačiau
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ vis dėlto
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ laiku (pagal tvarkaraštį)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ patikimas
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ draudimas
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ judėti, važinėti (po miestą)
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ išsinuomoti (trumpam)
  • van /væn/ furgonas
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ vairuotojo pažymėjimas
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ pleistras

Rašymas

Šeši septyni sakiniai apie sprendimą, kurį neseniai priėmėte: kokiu tikslu taip pasielgėte, dėl kokios priežasties, kas kalbėjo prieš — ir kodėl vis tiek esate teisūs.

Pavyzdys

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

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