Gramàtica ~59 min del nucli restant

Explicar una decisió

Després d'aquesta lliçó podràs

Sé explicar per a què vaig fer una cosa i admetre una objecció sense renunciar al que penso.

Comença la lliçó Nucli 59 min · passos: 6 · opcional: +2

Temps declarat del nucli. Dos blocs del nucli no porten cap xifra, per tant la lliçó real és més llarga que aquesta suma.

Gramàtica

18 min

Explicar una decisió és respondre tres preguntes: per a què (la finalitat), per què (la causa) i «sí, però…» (la concessió: admetre el que hi estava en contra i, tot i així, mantenir-te en la teva). Algunes paraules ja les coneixes: to + verb amb el sentit de «per» (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Ara, el joc complet.

La regla principal de la lliçó és només una: darrere d'unes paraules va una frase sencera, amb subjecte i verb; darrere d'unes altres, només un nom o una forma en -ing. Gairebé tots els errors d'aquí vénen de fer servir una paraula d'una columna com si fos de l'altra.

+ frase + nom o -ing
finalitat so that — (amb verb: to, in order to)
causa because, as, since because of
concessió although, though, even though despite, in spite of

La finalitat: per a què.

to + verb és la manera més freqüent: I came in early to finish the report. — «Vaig arribar d'hora per acabar l'informe».

in order to és el mateix, però més formal; així s'escriu en cartes i avisos: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. La negació és in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + frase cal quan la finalitat té el seu propi subjecte: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — qui va marxar soc jo, i qui ha d'entrar és ella. to aquí no serveix: voldria dir que qui havia d'entrar era jo. És la mateixa diferència que en català entre «per» + infinitiu i «perquè» + subjuntiu («perquè pogués entrar»). Però on el català posa el subjuntiu, dins de so that l'anglès normalment posa un verb modal: per al present i el futur, can, will o simplement el present; per al passat, could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. M'ho apunto per no oblidar-ho.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. M'ho vaig apuntar per no oblidar-ho.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Parla més fort perquè tothom et senti.

En la conversa that sovint s'omet: I left the key so she could get in.

for + nom també expressa finalitat, però amb un objecte, no amb una acció: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Davant d'un verb no es posa for: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

No confonguis so that amb so … that. A la lliçó B1 #30 vas veure so … that, «tan…, que»: la conseqüència. Aquí so that és «perquè», «per tal que»: la finalitat. Es distingeixen per si hi ha una paraula entre so i that:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Vaig sortir d'hora per agafar el tren. — finalitat
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Vaig sortir tan d'hora que vaig agafar el tren anterior. — conseqüència

La causa: per què.

because + frase: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + nom: We took a taxi because of the rain. El sentit és el mateix, però el que segueix té una altra forma.

as i since + frase també volen dir «com que», «ja que», «atès que». S'usen quan la causa la coneixen tots dos o és evident, i normalment van al començament: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Sonen una mica més cultes que because. since el coneixes de l'A2 #5 com a «des que»; els distingeix el temps del verb: I've lived here since I was ten — el temps; Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — la causa.

En la conversa, a la pregunta Why? es pot respondre només amb Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Per escrit, una frase amb Because no es deixa sola: s'uneix a la principal.

La concessió: «encara que», «malgrat». La concessió admet un fet que parla en contra teu, i tot i així porta a la teva decisió. Així s'admet una objecció sense fer-se enrere.

although + frase: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though és el mateix, però més col·loquial. També pot anar al final de tot, darrere d'una coma: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — «Era car. Però el vam comprar igualment».

even though és més fort: el fet va existir segur, i pesa, però no ho va impedir: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — «Tot i que es va disculpar, ella no el va perdonar».

despite i in spite of + nom o -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite, sense of; in spite of, amb of. Per unir-hi una frase sencera cal despite the fact that, com el català «malgrat que»: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however és «tanmateix», «no obstant això». No és una conjunció: va entre dues frases separades, i darrere porta coma: It was raining. However, we went out. El més senzill és but: It was raining, but we went out.

Una conjunció per a cada unió. En anglès although i but no van mai junts: o Although it was raining, we went out, o It was raining, but we went out. Si comences amb although, la segona part ja no porta res.

Com admetre una objecció. Fórmules fetes per a la conversa:

That's true, but I still think… És veritat, però continuo pensant que…
I see your point, but… Entenc el que vols dir, però…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Ja sé que és car. Tot i així, val la pena.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Encara que costa més, ens estalviarà temps.

on time i in time. En català tots dos poden ser «a temps» o «a l'hora», però el sentit és diferent:

The train left on time. puntual, segons l'horari, sense retard
We got to the station in time to catch the train. vam arribar a temps: vam tenir prou temps

on time és en el moment fixat, no més tard. in time és prou d'hora per arribar a fer una cosa: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time és «just a temps, a l'últim moment».

Més exemples:

I'm learning French to talk to my wife's family. Estudio francès per parlar amb la família de la meva dona.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Vam reservar d'hora per aconseguir un bon preu.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. El partit es va suspendre per la neu.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Com que no teníem cotxe, vam agafar l'autobús.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Malgrat tots els problemes, el projecte va sortir bé.

Així no es diu. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Darrere d'in order to va un verb, no una frase.

Posa't a prova. En què es diferencia I left early so that I could catch the train de I left so early that I caught the train? Reescriu amb despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time o in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

mostra les respostes
la primera és finalitat (per agafar el tren); la segona, conseqüència (tan d'hora que el vaig agafar); Despite being ill, he went to work o Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
Anunci

Errors dels parlants de català

adaptada al teu idioma
1

despite + frase

«Malgrat que era tard, vam continuar treballant» → ✗ Despite it was late, we kept working → ✓ Although it was late… o Despite the late hour… «Malgrat que» s'escurça en despite, però despite només admet un nom o -ing; per a una frase cal although o despite the fact that.

2

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

o in spite of the rain. «A pesar de» porta «de», i l'of s'enganxa a despite. Pensa en «malgrat la pluja»: sense res al mig.

3

«Per» + verb traduït per for

«He vingut per acabar l'informe» → ✗ I came for finish the report, ✗ for to finish → ✓ I came to finish the report. És l'error de l'A2 #21: davant d'un verb, la finalitat és to.

4

«Perquè» de finalitat traduït per because

«Li vaig deixar la clau perquè pogués entrar» → ✗ I left her the key because she could get in → ✓ so that she could get in. El català fa servir «perquè» per a la causa i per a la finalitat; l'anglès, no: la causa és because, i la finalitat, so that.

5

El «per» de causa traduït per for

«Es va suspendre per la neu» → ✗ The match was cancelled for the snow → ✓ because of the snow. Com a l'A2 #31: la causa és because of davant d'un nom i because davant d'una frase.

Pronunciació

4 min

L'accent dels connectors: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ i despite /dɪˈspaɪt/, a la segona síl·laba; however /haʊˈevə/, també a la segona. because, en la parla ràpida, es redueix a /bɪˈkəz/ o fins i tot a /kəz/; per escrit, el col·loquial 'cos només apareix en missatges.

though, through, thought: tres paraules semblants que es confonen fàcilment d'oïda:

though /ðəʊ/ — /ð/ sonora, diftong /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — «a través de», /θ/ sorda
thought /θɔːt/ — «vaig pensar; pensament», /θ/ sorda

La pausa després de la concessió té sentit. La veu puja al final de la subordinada, després ve una pausa breu, i la part principal sona amb la veu que baixa:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However al començament de la frase és un bloc a part, amb la seva pròpia pausa: However ‖ we went out.

Anunci

Text

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Exercicis

32 min

1. Posar

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Mostra les respostes
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Unir les dues frases en una

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Mostra les respostes
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Reescriure

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Mostra les respostes
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Trobar l'error i corregir-lo.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Mostra les respostes
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Traduir a l'anglès.

1) Vaig arribar d'hora per agafar bons seients. 2) Encara que el pla és car, crec que val la pena. 3) Malgrat el retard, vam arribar a temps d'agafar el tren. 4) Ja que estàs lliure, ajuda'm, si us plau. 5) Entenc el que vol dir, però continuo pensant que és la decisió correcta.

Mostra les respostes
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Respondre a l'objecció

sense fer-te enrere: admet el fet i explica la decisió. Les respostes de sota són un model. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Mostra les respostes
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
Anunci

Resum

Après en aquesta lliçó: la finalitat amb to, in order to, so that i for + nom; so that contra so … that; la causa amb because, because of, as, since; la concessió amb although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; fórmules per admetre una objecció; on time contra in time. A continuació, la lliçó 33: els costums d'abans i els d'ara.

Final del nucli

La lliçó es considera feta quan s’han completat els exercicis. Tot el que hi ha després és opcional.

Lliçó 105

opcional

Vocabulari per a la baralla

16 paraules
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ per, a fi de
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ perquè, per tal que (+ frase)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ encara que, tot i que
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ tot i que, malgrat que
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ malgrat, a pesar de
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ malgrat, a pesar de
  • however /haʊˈevə/ tanmateix, no obstant això
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ tot i així
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ a l'hora, puntual
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ assegurança
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ moure's, desplaçar-se
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ llogar
  • van /væn/ furgoneta
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ carnet de conduir
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ tireta

Escriptura

Sis o set frases sobre una decisió que vas prendre fa poc: per a què ho vas fer, per què, què hi havia en contra i per què, tot i així, tens raó.

Model

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

Llista de comprovació

L’esborrany es desa en aquest dispositiu
Anunci

Tens una idea per a una funció?

Envia idea
Anunci
Anunci