文法 コアの残り ~59分

決めたことを説明する

このレッスンでできるようになること

何のためにそうしたのかを説明し、自分の考えを捨てずに反論を認めることができる。

レッスンを始める コア 59分 · 手順: 6 · 任意: +2

表示されているコア時間。2つのコアブロックに時間表示がないため、実際のレッスンは合計より長くなります。

文法

18分

決めたことを説明するとは、3つの問いに答えることです:何のために(目的)、なぜ(理由)、そして「確かに、でも…」(譲歩:妨げになったことを認めたうえで、それでも自分の考えを通す)。いくつかの語はもう知っています:「〜するために」の意味の to + 動詞(A2の第21課)、because、so、 because of(A2の第31課)。ここで全部をそろえます。

この課のいちばん大事な規則は1つです:ある語のあとには主語と動詞のそろった文が来て、別の語のあとには名詞か -ing 形しか来ません。 ここでの誤りのほとんどは、一方の列の語を、もう一方の列の語のように使うことから起きます。

+ 文 + 名詞か -ing 形
目的 so that —(動詞なら to、in order to)
理由 because, as, since because of
譲歩 although, though, even though despite, in spite of

目的 — 何のために。

to + 動詞がいちばんよく使う言い方です:I came in early to finish the report. — 「報告書を仕上げるために、早めに来た」。

in order to も同じ意味で、ただ改まった言い方です。手紙やお知らせで使います:We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. 否定は in order not to です:I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + 文は、目的に別の主語があるときに必要です:I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — 出かけたのは私で、入るのは彼女です。ここで to は使えません:to だと、入るつもりだったのは私自身だということになってしまいます。日本語の「〜ために」と「〜ように」の使い分けに少し似ています:「彼女が入れるように」。so that の中には、ふつう助動詞を使います:現在と未来のことなら can、will か、ただの現在形、過去のことなら could、would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. 忘れないように書いておく。
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. 忘れないように書いておいた。
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. みんなに聞こえるように、もっと大きな声で話してください。

話し言葉では that がよく省かれます:I left the key so she could get in.

for + 名詞も目的を表しますが、動作ではなく物について言います:I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. 動詞の前には for を置きません:✗ for buy → ✓ to buy。

so that と so … that を混同しないように。 第30課の so … that は「とても…なので〜」で、結果を表しました。ここの so that は「〜するように」で、目的です。違いは、so と that のあいだに語があるかどうかです:

I left early so that I could catch the train. 電車に間に合うように、早く出た。 — 目的
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. とても早く出たので、1本前の電車に乗れた。 — 結果

理由 — なぜ。

because + 文:We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + 名詞: We took a taxi because of the rain. 意味は同じでも、あとに続く形が違います。

as と since + 文も「〜ので、〜のだから」です。理由が2人ともわかっている、または明らかなときに使い、ふつう文の初めに置きます:As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? because より少し書き言葉的に響きます。since はA2の第5課で「〜以来」として学びました。どちらの意味かは動詞の時制でわかります:I've lived here since I was ten — 時、Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — 理由。

話し言葉では、Why? に Because… だけで答えられます:— Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. 書き言葉では、Because の文を独立させず、主節につなげます。

譲歩 — 「〜けれど」「〜にもかかわらず」。 譲歩は、自分に不利な事実を認めたうえで、それでも自分の決定へと話を進めます。まさにこれが、自分の考えを捨てずに反論を認めるということです。

although + 文:Although it was expensive, we bought it. though も同じ意味で、よりくだけた言い方です。文の最後に、コンマのあとで置くこともできます:It was expensive. We bought it, though. — 「高かった。でも、結局買ったんだ」。

even though はもっと強い言い方です:その事実は確かにあり、しかも重いものでしたが、妨げにはなりませんでした:Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — 「彼は謝ったのに、彼女は許さなかった」。

despite と in spite of + 名詞か -ing 形:Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite には of が付かず、in spite of には of が付きます。文全体をつなぐには despite the fact that が必要です:Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — 「しかし」。これは接続詞ではありません:2つの別々の文のあいだに置き、そのあとにコンマを打ちます:It was raining. However, we went out. いちばん簡単なのは but です:It was raining, but we went out.

1つのつながりに接続詞は1つ。 日本語の話し言葉では「雨だったけど、でも出かけた」のように「けど」と「でも」を重ねることがあります。英語では although と but をいっしょには使いません:Although it was raining, we went out か、It was raining, but we went out のどちらかです。

反論を認めるには。 会話で使える決まった言い方です:

That's true, but I still think… 確かにそうですが、それでも私は…と思います。
I see your point, but… おっしゃることはわかりますが…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. 高いのはわかっています。それでも、その価値はあります。
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. 少し高いけれど、時間の節約になります。

on time と in time。 日本語でも「時間どおりに」と「間に合って」は別の言葉で、英語でも同じように分かれます:

The train left on time. 時刻表どおりに、遅れずに
We got to the station in time to catch the train. 間に合った:時間が足りた

on time — 決められた時刻に、遅れずに。in time — 何かに間に合うだけ早く:in time for dinner、 in time to say goodbye。just in time — 「ぎりぎり間に合って」。

ほかの例:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. 妻の家族と話すために、スペイン語を勉強している。
We booked early so that we could get a good price. 安く取れるように、早めに予約した。
The match was cancelled because of the snow. 雪のために試合は中止になった。
As we had no car, we took the bus. 車がなかったので、バスで行った。
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. いろいろ問題があったにもかかわらず、プロジェクトは成功した。

こうは言いません。 ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come。in order to のあとには文ではなく動詞が来ます。

確かめてみましょう。 I left early so that I could catch the train と I left so early that I caught the train はどう違いますか。despite を使って書きかえてください:Although he was ill, he went to work. We got there just ___ to see the start に入るのは on time ですか、in time ですか。

解答を表示
前の文は目的(間に合うように)、あとの文は結果(とても早く出たので間に合った); Despite being ill, he went to work または Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
広告

日本語話者の誤り

あなたの言語向けに作成
1

despite of と言う。

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

または in spite of the rain。どちらも「〜にもかかわらず」なので2つが混ざり、in spite of の of が despite に付いてしまいます。

2

despite のあとに文を置く。

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

または Despite the late hour…。「にもかかわらず」は「遅かったにもかかわらず」と文にもそのまま付くので、despite も同じだと思いがちです。despite のあとは名詞か -ing 形だけで、文には although か despite the fact that を使います。

3

「ために」を for にする。

✗ I came for finish the report、✗ I went to the shop for buying some bread → ✓ I came to finish the report、I went to the shop to buy some bread。「ために」から for を連想しがちですが、動詞の前で目的を表すのは to です(A2の第21課)。for は名詞の前だけです:for some milk。

4

although と but を両方使う。

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

。「雨だったけど、でも出かけた」と「けど」と「でも」を重ねる話し方につられます。

5

because of のあとに文を置く。

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

または because of the bad traffic。「渋滞がひどかったせいで」のように「せいで」は文にも付きますが、because of のあとは名詞だけです。

発音

4分

つなぎの語の強勢: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ と despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ は第2音節に、however /haʊˈevə/ も第2音節にあります。because は速い話し方では /bɪˈkəz/、さらには /kəz/ にまで短くなります。くだけた書き方の 'cos は、メッセージのやりとりでしか見かけません。

though、through、thought — 聞いただけでは取り違えやすい、よく似た3つの語です。カタカナではどれも「ソ」「ス」になりがちですが、/θ/ と /ð/ は舌先を歯に軽くあてて出します:

though /ðəʊ/ — 有声の /ð/、二重母音 /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — 「〜を通って」、無声の /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — 「考えた」、無声の /θ/

譲歩のあとの間(ま)には意味があります。 従属節の終わりで声を上げ、短い間を置いて、主節は下がる調子で言います:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

文頭の However は、それだけで1つのかたまりで、そのあとに間を置きます:However ‖ we went out.

広告

テキスト

5分

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

音読

練習問題

32分

1. 穴埋め。

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
解答を表示
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. 1つの文にする。

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
解答を表示
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. despite か in spite of を使って書きかえる。

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
解答を表示
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. 誤り訂正。

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
解答を表示
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. 英語に訳す。

1) よい席を取るために、早めに来た。 2) その計画は高いけれど、その価値はあると思う。 3) 遅れが出たにもかかわらず、私たちは電車に間に合った。 4) 君は手が空いているんだから、手伝ってくれないかな。 5) おっしゃることはわかりますが、それでも私は、これが正しい決定だと思います。

解答を表示
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. 反論に答える。

自分の考えは変えずに、事実を認めて、決めた理由を説明します。下の答えは一例です。 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

解答を表示
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
広告

まとめ

この課で学んだこと:to、in order to、so that と for + 名詞で言う目的;so that と so … that の違い;because、because of、as、since で言う理由;although、though、even though、despite、 in spite of、however で言う譲歩;反論を認める決まった言い方;on time と in time の違い。次は第33課:昔の習慣と今の習慣。

コアの終了

演習を完了するとレッスンが完了とみなされます。以降はすべて任意です。

レッスン 105

任意

単語カード用の語彙

16語
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ 〜するために
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ 〜するように(+文)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ 〜だけれども
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ 〜なのに、〜にもかかわらず
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ 〜にもかかわらず
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ 〜にもかかわらず
  • however /haʊˈevə/ しかし
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ それでも
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ 時間どおりに
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ 信頼できる、頼りになる
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ 保険
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ 動き回る、移動する
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ 借りる、レンタルする
  • van /væn/ バン、小型トラック
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ 運転免許証
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ ばんそうこう

ライティング

6〜7文で、最近決めたことについて書いてください:何のために、なぜそうしたのか、何が反対の理由になったか — そして、それでもなぜ自分が正しいと思うのか。

例: Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

チェックリスト:despite と because of のあとは、文ではなく名詞か -ing 形ですか。despite に of は付いていませんか。目的の主語が違うところは(to ではなく)so that ですか。1つのつながりに接続詞は1つで、 although … but になっていませんか。

下書きはこの端末に保存されます
広告

新機能のアイデアはありますか?

アイデアを送信
広告
広告