Gramatika ~59 min z jadra zostáva

Vysvetliť rozhodnutie

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Viem vysvetliť, prečo som niečo urobil, a uznať námietku bez toho, aby som ustúpil zo svojho.

Začať lekciu Jadro 59 min · kroky: 6 · voliteľné: +2

Deklarovaný čas jadra. Dva bloky jadra nemajú žiadny údaj, takže skutočná lekcia je dlhšia ako tento súčet.

Gramatika

18 min

Vysvetliť rozhodnutie znamená odpovedať na tri otázky: načo (účel), prečo (príčina) a „áno, ale…“ (prípustka: uznať to, čo prekážalo, a aj tak trvať na svojom). Časť slov poznáš: to + sloveso vo význame „aby“ (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Teraz — celá sada.

Hlavné pravidlo lekcie je jedno: po niektorých slovách nasleduje celá veta — s podmetom a slovesom, po iných len podstatné meno alebo tvar na -ing. Takmer všetky chyby tu vznikajú tak, že slovo z jedného stĺpca sa použije ako slovo z druhého.

+ veta + podstatné meno alebo -ing
účel so that — (so slovesom: to, in order to)
príčina because, as, since because of
prípustka although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Účel — načo.

to + sloveso — najčastejší spôsob: I came in early to finish the report. — „Prišiel som skôr, aby som dokončil správu.“

in order to — to isté, len oficiálnejšie; tak sa píše v listoch a oznámeniach: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Zápor — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + veta je potrebné, keď má účel vlastný podmet: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — odchádzal som ja, ale dnu sa má dostať ona. to sa sem nehodí: povedalo by, že dnu sa chcel dostať ja sám. Vo vnútri so that stojí zvyčajne modálne sloveso: o prítomnosti a budúcnosti — can, will alebo jednoducho prítomný čas, o minulosti — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Zapisujem si to, aby som nezabudol.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Zapísal som si to, aby som nezabudol.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Hovorte hlasnejšie, aby vás všetci počuli.

V rozhovore sa that často vynecháva: I left the key so she could get in.

for + podstatné meno — tiež účel, ale s vecou, nie s dejom: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Pred sloveso sa for nedáva: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Nezamieňaj so that a so … that. V B1 #30 bolo so … that — „tak…, že“: dôsledok. Tu je so that — „aby“: účel. Líšia sa tým, či medzi so a that stojí nejaké slovo:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Odišiel som skoro, aby som stihol vlak. — účel
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Odišiel som tak skoro, že som stihol skorší vlak. — dôsledok

Príčina — prečo.

because + veta: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + podstatné meno: We took a taxi because of the rain. Význam je jeden, ale to, čo nasleduje, má iný tvar.

as a since + veta — tiež „keďže, pretože“. Berú sa vtedy, keď je príčina známa obom alebo zjavná, a zvyčajne stoja na začiatku: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Znie to o niečo knižnejšie ako because. since poznáš z A2 #5 ako „odvtedy, čo“; rozlišuje ich čas slovesa: I've lived here since I was ten — čas, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — príčina.

V rozhovore sa na otázku Why? dá odpovedať samotným Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. V písanom texte sa veta s Because samostatne nepíše: pripája sa k hlavnej.

Prípustka — „hoci“, „napriek“. Prípustka uznáva fakt, ktorý hovorí proti tebe, — a aj tak vedie k tvojmu rozhodnutiu. Presne tak sa uznáva námietka bez toho, aby si ustúpil zo svojho.

although + veta: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — to isté, len hovorovejšie. Môže stáť aj úplne na konci, za čiarkou: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Bolo to drahé. Ale aj tak sme to kúpili.“

even though — silnejšie: fakt určite bol a je závažný, ale neprekážal: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Hoci sa aj ospravedlnil, neodpustila mu.“

despite a in spite of + podstatné meno alebo -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — bez of, in spite of — s of. Ak treba pripojiť celú vetu, je potrebné despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „však, avšak“. Nie je to spojka: stojí medzi dvoma samostatnými vetami a za ním je čiarka: It was raining. However, we went out. Najjednoduchší spôsob je but: It was raining, but we went out.

Jedna spojka na jedno spojenie. Po slovensky je „síce…, ale…“ norma a v reči počuť aj „hoci…, ale…“. Po anglicky sa although a but spolu nedávajú: buď Although it was raining, we went out, alebo It was raining, but we went out.

Ako uznať námietku. Hotové formuly do rozhovoru:

That's true, but I still think… To je pravda, ale aj tak si myslím…
I see your point, but… Chápem, čo myslíte, ale…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Viem, že je to drahé. Aj tak sa to oplatí.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Hoci to stojí viac, ušetríme čas.

on time a in time. Po slovensky sa obe často povedia „včas“, ale význam je rôzny:

The train left on time. presne podľa cestovného poriadku, bez meškania
We got to the station in time to catch the train. stihli sme: času bolo dosť

on time — v stanovenej chvíli, nie neskôr; po slovensky skôr „načas“. in time — dosť skoro na to, aby sa niečo stihlo: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „tak-tak sme to stihli, na poslednú chvíľu“.

Ďalšie príklady:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Učím sa po španielsky, aby som sa dohovoril s rodinou manželky.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Rezervovali sme si skoro, aby sme mali dobrú cenu.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Zápas zrušili kvôli snehu.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Keďže sme nemali auto, išli sme autobusom.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Napriek všetkým ťažkostiam sa projekt podaril.

Takto sa nehovorí. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Po in order to nasleduje sloveso, nie veta.

Otestuj sa. Čím sa líši I left early so that I could catch the train od I left so early that I caught the train? Prepíš s despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time alebo in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

zobraziť odpovede
prvé je účel (aby som stihol), druhé dôsledok (tak skoro, že som stihol); Despite being ill, he went to work alebo Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
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Chyby slovensky hovoriacich

napísané pre váš jazyk
1

despite + veta

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

alebo Despite the late hour… Po slovensky stačí pridať „tomu, že“ — „napriek tomu, že bolo neskoro“ — a za „napriek“ stojí celá veta. Anglické despite berie len podstatné meno alebo -ing; na vetu je although alebo dlhé despite the fact that.

2

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

alebo in spite of the rain. Jednému slovenskému „napriek“ zodpovedajú dve anglické väzby a tie splývajú: z in spite of zostane of a prilepí sa k despite.

3

for pred slovesom

✗ I came for finish the report

✓ I came to finish the report

Po slovensky sa účel často povie podstatným menom — „prišiel som na poradu“, „išiel som po chlieb“ —, a tak sa for dostane aj pred sloveso. Účel so slovesom však vyjadruje to. Tá istá chyba ako v A2 #21.

4

„Síce…, ale…“

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

Slovenské „síce…, ale…“ (aj hovorové „hoci…, ale…“) má na jedno spojenie dve slová a although potom hrá úlohu „síce“. Po anglicky na jedno spojenie — jedna spojka.

5

„Kvôli tomu, že…“

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

alebo because of the bad traffic. Slovenské „kvôli tomu, že“ zvádza dať because of aj pred celú vetu, ale because of stojí len pred podstatným menom.

Výslovnosť

4 min

Prízvuk spojovacích slov: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ a despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — na druhej slabike; however /haʊˈevə/ — tiež na druhej. Slovenský zvyk dávať prízvuk na prvú slabiku tu zavádza. because sa v rýchlej reči skracuje na /bɪˈkəz/ alebo až na /kəz/; písané hovorové 'cos sa vyskytuje len v správach a četoch.

though, through, thought — tri podobné slová, ktoré sa ľahko zamenia v počutom texte:

though /ðəʊ/ — znelé /ð/, dvojhláska /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — „cez“, neznelé /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — „myslel“, neznelé /θ/

Pauza po prípustke nesie význam. Hlas na konci vedľajšej vety stúpa, potom nasleduje krátka pauza a hlavná časť znie s klesaním:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However na začiatku vety je samostatný úsek s vlastnou pauzou: However ‖ we went out.

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Text

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Čítanie nahlas

Cvičenia

32 min

1. Doplň

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Zobraziť odpovede
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Spoj

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Zobraziť odpovede
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Prepíš

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Zobraziť odpovede
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Hľadanie chyby.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Zobraziť odpovede
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Prelož do angličtiny.

1) Prišiel som skôr, aby som obsadil dobré miesta. 2) Hoci je ten plán drahý, myslím, že sa oplatí. 3) Napriek meškaniu sme stihli vlak. 4) Keď už máš voľno, pomôž mi, prosím. 5) Chápem, čo myslíte, ale aj tak si myslím, že je to správne rozhodnutie.

Zobraziť odpovede
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Odpovedz na námietku

a neustúp zo svojho: uznaj fakt a vysvetli rozhodnutie. Odpovede nižšie sú vzor. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Zobraziť odpovede
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
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Zhrnutie

Prebrali sme: účel cez to, in order to, so that a for + podstatné meno; so that verzus so … that; príčinu cez because, because of, as, since; prípustku cez although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; formuly na uznanie námietky; on time verzus in time. Ďalej — lekcia 33: zvyky kedysi a dnes.

Koniec jadra

Lekcia sa považuje za dokončenú, keď sú splnené cvičenia. Všetko za tým je voliteľné.

Lekcia 105

voliteľné

Slovíčka do balíčka

16 slov
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ na to, aby
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ aby (+ veta)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ hoci
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ hoci aj, aj keď
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ napriek
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ napriek
  • however /haʊˈevə/ však, avšak
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ aj tak, napriek tomu
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ načas (podľa plánu)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ spoľahlivý
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ poistenie
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ presúvať sa
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ požičať si (za poplatok)
  • van /væn/ dodávka
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ vodičský preukaz
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ náplasť

Písanie

Šesť-sedem viet o rozhodnutí, ktoré si nedávno urobil: načo si to urobil, prečo, čo hovorilo proti — a prečo máš aj tak pravdu.

Vzor

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

Kontrolný zoznam

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