Gramática ~59 min del núcleo restante

Explicar una decisión

Después de esta lección podrás

Puedo explicar para qué hice algo y reconocer una objeción sin renunciar a lo que pienso.

Comenzar la lección Núcleo 59 min · pasos: 6 · opcional: +2

Tiempo declarado del núcleo. Dos bloques del núcleo no llevan cifra, por lo que la lección real es más larga que esta suma.

Gramática

18 min

Explicar una decisión es responder a tres preguntas: para qué (la finalidad), por qué (la causa) y «sí, pero…» (la concesión: reconocer lo que estaba en contra y aun así mantener lo tuyo). Algunas palabras ya las conoces: to + verbo con el sentido de «para» (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Ahora, el juego completo.

La regla principal de la lección es una sola: detrás de unas palabras va una oración entera, con sujeto y verbo; detrás de otras, solo un sustantivo o una forma en -ing. Casi todos los errores de aquí vienen de poner una palabra de una columna como si fuera de la otra.

+ oración + sustantivo o -ing
finalidad so that — (con verbo: to, in order to)
causa because, as, since because of
concesión although, though, even though despite, in spite of

La finalidad: para qué.

to + verbo es la forma más frecuente: I came in early to finish the report., «Llegué antes para terminar el informe».

in order to es lo mismo, solo que más formal; así se escribe en cartas y avisos: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. La negación es in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + oración hace falta cuando la finalidad tiene su propio sujeto: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. El que se fue soy yo, y la que tiene que entrar es ella. to aquí no sirve: diría que el que iba a entrar era yo. Es la misma diferencia que en español entre «para» + infinitivo y «para que» + oración. Pero donde el español pone el subjuntivo («para que pueda entrar»), dentro de so that el inglés suele poner un verbo modal: sobre el presente y el futuro, can, will o simplemente el presente; sobre el pasado, could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Lo apunto para no olvidarlo.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Lo apunté para no olvidarlo.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Habla más alto para que todos te oigan.

En la conversación that se omite a menudo: I left the key so she could get in.

for + sustantivo también expresa finalidad, pero con un objeto, no con una acción: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Delante de un verbo no se pone for: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

No confundas so that con so … that. En B1 #30 apareció so … that, «tan…, que»: la consecuencia. Aquí so that es «para que»: la finalidad. Se distinguen por si hay una palabra entre so y that:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Salí temprano para coger el tren. — finalidad
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Salí tan temprano que cogí el tren anterior. — consecuencia

La causa: por qué.

because + oración: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + sustantivo: We took a taxi because of the rain. El sentido es el mismo, pero lo que sigue tiene otra forma.

as y since + oración también significan «como», «ya que», «puesto que». Se usan cuando la causa la conocen los dos o es evidente, y suelen ir al principio: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Suenan algo más cultos que because. since lo conoces de A2 #5 como «desde que»; los distingue el tiempo del verbo: I've lived here since I was ten, el tiempo; Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom, la causa.

En la conversación, a la pregunta Why? se puede responder solo con Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Por escrito, una oración con Because no se deja sola: se une a la principal.

La concesión: «aunque», «a pesar de». La concesión reconoce un hecho que habla en tu contra, y aun así lleva a tu decisión. Así se reconoce una objeción sin renunciar a lo tuyo.

although + oración: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though es lo mismo, pero más coloquial. Puede ir también al final del todo, detrás de una coma: It was expensive. We bought it, though., «Era caro. Pero lo compramos de todos modos».

even though es más fuerte: el hecho existió seguro, y pesa, pero no lo impidió: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him., «Aunque se disculpó, ella no lo perdonó».

despite e in spite of + sustantivo o -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite, sin of; in spite of, con of. Para unir una oración entera hace falta despite the fact that, como el español «a pesar de que»: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however es «sin embargo». No es una conjunción: va entre dos oraciones separadas, y detrás de él va coma: It was raining. However, we went out. Lo más sencillo es but: It was raining, but we went out.

Una conjunción para cada unión. Igual que en español no se dice «aunque llovía, pero salimos», en inglés although y but no van juntos: o Although it was raining, we went out, o It was raining, but we went out.

Cómo reconocer una objeción. Fórmulas hechas para la conversación:

That's true, but I still think… Es verdad, pero sigo pensando que…
I see your point, but… Entiendo lo que quieres decir, pero…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Sé que es caro. Aun así, merece la pena.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Aunque cuesta más, nos ahorrará tiempo.

on time e in time. En español los dos pueden ser «a tiempo», pero el sentido es distinto:

The train left on time. puntual, según el horario, sin retraso
We got to the station in time to catch the train. llegamos a tiempo: hubo tiempo suficiente

on time es en el momento fijado, no más tarde. in time es con antelación suficiente para llegar a algo: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time es «justo a tiempo, en el último momento».

Más ejemplos:

I'm learning French to talk to my wife's family. Estudio francés para hablar con la familia de mi mujer.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Reservamos pronto para conseguir un buen precio.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. El partido se suspendió por la nieve.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Como no teníamos coche, fuimos en autobús.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. A pesar de todos los problemas, el proyecto salió bien.

Así no se dice. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Detrás de in order to va un verbo, no una oración.

Ponte a prueba. ¿En qué se diferencia I left early so that I could catch the train de I left so early that I caught the train? Reescribe con despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. ¿on time o in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

mostrar las respuestas
la primera es finalidad (para coger el tren); la segunda, consecuencia (tan temprano que lo cogí); Despite being ill, he went to work o Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
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Errores de los hispanohablantes

escrito para tu idioma
1

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

o in spite of the rain. «A pesar de» lleva «de», y el of se pega a despite. Es el error más frecuente de la lección.

2

despite + oración

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

o Despite the late hour… «A pesar de que» se acorta a despite, pero despite solo admite un sustantivo o -ing; para una oración hace falta although o despite the fact that.

3

«Para» + verbo traducido por for

✗ I came for finish the report

✗ for to finish

✓ I came to finish the report

Es el error de A2 #21: «para» es for delante de un sustantivo, pero delante de un verbo la finalidad se dice con to.

4

El «por» de causa traducido por for

«Se suspendió por la nieve» → ✗ The match was cancelled for the snow → ✓ because of the snow. Como en A2 #31: la causa es because of delante de un sustantivo y because delante de una oración.

Pronunciación

4 min

El acento de los conectores: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ y despite /dɪˈspaɪt/, en la segunda sílaba; however /haʊˈevə/, también en la segunda. because, en el habla rápida, se reduce a /bɪˈkəz/ o incluso a /kəz/; por escrito, el coloquial 'cos solo aparece en mensajes.

though, through, thought: tres palabras parecidas que se confunden fácilmente de oído:

though /ðəʊ/ — /ð/ sonora, diptongo /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — «a través de», /θ/ sorda
thought /θɔːt/ — «pensé; pensamiento», /θ/ sorda

La pausa después de la concesión tiene sentido. La voz sube al final de la subordinada, después viene una pausa breve, y la parte principal suena con bajada:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However al principio de la oración es un bloque aparte, con su propia pausa: However ‖ we went out.

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Texto

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Ejercicios

32 min

1. Escribe

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Mostrar las respuestas
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Une las dos oraciones en una

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Mostrar las respuestas
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Reescribe

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Mostrar las respuestas
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Detección de errores.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Mostrar las respuestas
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Traduce al inglés.

1) Llegué temprano para conseguir buenos sitios. 2) Aunque el plan es caro, creo que merece la pena. 3) A pesar del retraso, llegamos a coger el tren. 4) Ya que estás libre, ayúdame, por favor. 5) Entiendo lo que quiere decir, pero sigo pensando que es la decisión correcta.

Mostrar las respuestas
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Responde a la objeción

sin renunciar a lo tuyo: reconoce el hecho y explica la decisión. Las respuestas de abajo son un modelo. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Mostrar las respuestas
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
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Resumen

Visto en esta lección: la finalidad con to, in order to, so that y for + sustantivo; so that frente a so … that; la causa con because, because of, as, since; la concesión con although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; fórmulas para reconocer una objeción; on time frente a in time. A continuación, la lección 33: los hábitos de antes y los de ahora.

Fin del núcleo

La lección se marca como completada una vez que se hagan los ejercicios. Todo lo que sigue es opcional.

Lección 105

opcional

Vocabulario para el mazo

16 palabras
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ para, con el fin de
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ para que (+ oración)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ aunque
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ aunque, a pesar de que
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ a pesar de
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ a pesar de
  • however /haʊˈevə/ sin embargo
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ aun así
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ a tiempo, puntual (según el horario)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ seguro
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ moverse, desplazarse
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ alquilar
  • van /væn/ furgoneta
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ carné de conducir
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ tirita

Escritura

Seis o siete oraciones sobre una decisión que tomaste hace poco: para qué lo hiciste, por qué, qué estaba en contra y por qué, aun así, tienes razón.

Modelo

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

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