문법 핵심 ~59분 남음

결정 설명하기

이 레슨을 마치면

무언가를 왜 했는지 설명할 수 있고, 반대 의견을 인정하면서도 제 뜻을 굽히지 않을 수 있습니다.

수업 시작 핵심 59분 · 단계: 6 · 선택: +2

표시된 핵심 시간. 두 개의 핵심 블록은 시간이 표시되지 않으므로 실제 레슨은 합계보다 깁니다.

문법

18분

결정을 설명한다는 것은 세 가지 질문에 답하는 것입니다: 무엇을 위해(목적), 왜(이유), 그리고 '그렇긴 하지만…'(양보: 걸림돌이 된 것을 인정하고, 그래도 제 뜻대로 하는 것). 몇 가지는 이미 압니다: '~하기 위해'라는 뜻의 to + 동사(A2 21과), because, so, because of(A2 31과). 이제 전체를 갖춥니다.

이 과의 핵심 규칙은 하나입니다: 어떤 말 뒤에는 주어와 동사가 있는 온전한 문장이 오고, 어떤 말 뒤에는 명사나 -ing 형태만 옵니다. 이 부분의 오류는 거의 다 한 칸의 말을 다른 칸의 말처럼 쓰는 데서 나옵니다.

+ 문장 + 명사나 -ing
목적 so that — (동사와: to, in order to)
이유 because, as, since because of
양보 although, though, even though despite, in spite of

목적 — 무엇을 위해.

to + 동사가 가장 흔한 방법입니다: I came in early to finish the report. — '보고서를 끝내려고 일찍 왔다'.

in order to는 뜻이 같고 더 격식 있습니다. 편지나 안내문에 이렇게 씁니다: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. 부정은 in order not to입니다: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + 문장은 목적에 다른 주어가 있을 때 필요합니다: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — 나간 것은 나이고, 들어가야 할 사람은 그녀입니다. 여기에 to를 쓰면 들어가려던 사람이 나 자신이라는 말이 됩니다. so that 안에는 보통 조동사가 옵니다: 현재와 미래에 대해서는 can, will 또는 그냥 현재 시제, 과거에 대해서는 could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. 잊지 않으려고 적어 둔다.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. 잊지 않으려고 적어 두었다.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. 모두 들을 수 있도록 더 크게 말하십시오.

말할 때는 that을 자주 뺍니다: I left the key so she could get in.

for + 명사도 목적이지만, 행동이 아니라 물건에 대해 씁니다: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. 동사 앞에는 for를 쓰지 않습니다: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

so that과 so … that을 헷갈리지 마십시오. B1 30과의 so … that은 '너무 ~해서': 결과입니다. 여기의 so that은 '~하도록': 목적입니다. so와 that 사이에 단어가 있느냐로 구별합니다:

I left early so that I could catch the train. 기차를 타려고 일찍 나갔다. — 목적
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. 너무 일찍 나가서 더 이른 기차를 탔다. — 결과

이유 — 왜.

because + 문장: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + 명사: We took a taxi because of the rain. 뜻은 같지만 뒤에 오는 형태가 다릅니다. 한국어 '때문에'는 '비 때문에'에도 '비가 왔기 때문에'에도 붙지만, 영어에서는 두 말로 나뉩니다.

as와 since + 문장도 '~이므로, ~이니까'입니다. 이유를 둘 다 알고 있거나 이유가 뻔할 때 쓰고, 보통 문장 앞에 둡니다: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? because보다 조금 글말 같습니다. since는 A2 5과에서 '~한 이후로'로 배웠습니다. 둘은 동사의 시제로 구별됩니다: I've lived here since I was ten — 시간, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — 이유.

말할 때는 Why?에 Because… 하나로 대답할 수 있습니다: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. 글에서는 Because로 시작하는 문장을 따로 떼어 두지 않고, 주절에 붙입니다.

양보 — '~지만', '~에도 불구하고'. 양보는 내게 불리한 사실을 인정하고, 그래도 내 결정으로 이어 갑니다. 바로 이렇게 반대 의견을 인정하면서 제 뜻을 굽히지 않습니다.

although + 문장: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though도 같은 뜻이고 더 구어적입니다. though는 쉼표 뒤, 문장 맨 끝에도 올 수 있습니다: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — '비쌌다. 그래도 샀다'.

even though는 더 강합니다: 그 사실은 분명히 있었고 무게도 있었지만, 막지 못했습니다: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — '그가 사과까지 했는데도 그녀는 용서하지 않았다'.

despite와 in spite of + 명사나 -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite는 of 없이, in spite of는 of와 함께. 온전한 문장을 붙이려면 despite the fact that이 필요합니다: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — '그러나'. 이것은 접속사가 아닙니다: 따로 떨어진 두 문장 사이에 오고, 뒤에 쉼표를 찍습니다: It was raining. However, we went out. 가장 간단한 방법은 but입니다: It was raining, but we went out.

이음 하나에 접속사 하나. 한국어에서는 '비록 비가 왔지만'처럼 '비록'과 '-지만'을 함께 쓰는 것이 자연스럽습니다. 영어에서는 although와 but을 함께 쓰지 않습니다: Although it was raining, we went out 또는 It was raining, but we went out 중 하나입니다.

반대 의견을 인정하는 법. 대화에 쓰는 정해진 표현:

That's true, but I still think… 맞는 말이지만, 그래도 저는… 라고 생각해요
I see your point, but… 무슨 말씀인지 알겠지만…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. 비싼 건 알아요. 그래도 그만한 가치가 있어요.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. 더 비싸긴 하지만, 시간을 아껴 줄 거예요.

on time과 in time. 한국어로는 둘 다 '제시간에'라고 할 수 있지만, 뜻이 다릅니다:

The train left on time. 시간표대로 정확히, 늦지 않고
We got to the station in time to catch the train. 기차를 탈 수 있었다: 시간이 충분했다

on time은 정해진 시각에, 그보다 늦지 않게. in time은 무언가를 할 수 있을 만큼 일찍: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — '아슬아슬하게 늦지 않게, 마지막 순간에'.

예문 더 보기:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. 아내의 가족과 이야기하려고 스페인어를 배우고 있다.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. 좋은 가격에 사려고 일찍 예약했다.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. 눈 때문에 경기가 취소되었다.
As we had no car, we took the bus. 차가 없어서 버스를 탔다.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. 온갖 어려움에도 불구하고 프로젝트는 성공했다.

이렇게 말하지 않습니다. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. in order to 뒤에는 문장이 아니라 동사가 옵니다.

확인해 보십시오. I left early so that I could catch the train과 I left so early that I caught the train은 어떻게 다릅니까? despite로 다시 쓰십시오: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time과 in time 중 무엇: We got there just ___ to see the start?

정답 보기
앞의 것은 목적(기차를 타려고), 뒤의 것은 결과(너무 일찍 나가서 탔다); Despite being ill, he went to work 또는 Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
광고

한국어 화자의 오류

사용자 언어로 작성됨
1

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

또는 in spite of the rain. 둘 다 '~에도 불구하고'라서 한 묶음으로 외우다 보니, in spite of의 of가 despite에도 붙습니다.

2

despite + 문장

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

또는 Despite the late hour… 한국어는 '늦었음에도 불구하고'처럼 문장 전체를 붙일 수 있습니다. 영어 despite는 명사나 -ing만 받습니다.

3

'위해'를 for로

✗ I came for finish the report

✓ I came to finish the report

'보고서를 끝내기 위해'의 '위해'가 for로 옮겨집니다. 동사 앞의 목적은 to입니다(A2 21과).

4

although와 but을 함께

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

'비록 ~지만'의 '-지만'이 but처럼 느껴져서 둘 다 넣습니다. 영어에서는 하나만.

5

because of + 문장

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

또는 because of the bad traffic. '때문에'는 명사 뒤에도 문장 뒤에도 붙지만, because of는 명사 앞에만 옵니다.

발음

4분

이음말의 강세: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/와 despite /dɪˈspaɪt/는 둘째 음절에, however /haʊˈevə/도 둘째 음절에 강세가 있습니다. because는 빠른 말에서 /bɪˈkəz/, 심지어 /kəz/로 줄어듭니다; 구어체 'cos는 문자나 메신저에서만 씁니다.

though, through, thought — 귀로 듣고 헷갈리기 쉬운 비슷한 세 단어:

though /ðəʊ/ — 유성음 /ð/, 이중모음 /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — '~을 통해', 무성음 /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — '생각했다', 무성음 /θ/

/ð/와 /θ/는 한국어에 없어서 'ㄷ', 'ㅆ'으로 바뀌기 쉽습니다. 혀끝을 윗니에 살짝 대고 발음하십시오.

양보 뒤의 쉼에는 뜻이 있습니다. 종속절 끝에서 목소리가 올라가고, 짧게 쉰 다음, 주절은 내려가는 억양으로 말합니다:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

문장 앞의 However는 따로 떨어진 한 덩어리이고, 그 뒤에서 쉽니다: However ‖ we went out.

광고

본문

5분

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

연습 문제

32분

1. 넣기.

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
정답 보기
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. 한 문장으로 잇기.

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
정답 보기
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. 다시 쓰기.

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
정답 보기
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. 오류 찾기.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
정답 보기
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. 영어로 옮기기.

1) 좋은 자리를 잡으려고 일찍 왔어요. 2) 그 요금제는 비싸지만, 그만한 가치가 있다고 생각해요. 3) 지연에도 불구하고 우리는 기차 시간에 늦지 않았어요. 4) 너 시간 있으니까 나 좀 도와줄래? 5) 무슨 말씀인지 알겠지만, 저는 그래도 이게 옳은 결정이라고 생각해요.

정답 보기
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. 반대 의견에 대답하기.

제 뜻을 굽히지 말고, 사실을 인정한 다음 결정을 설명하십시오. 아래 정답은 예시입니다. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

정답 보기
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
광고

정리

이번 과에서 다룬 내용: to, in order to, so that, for + 명사로 나타내는 목적; so that과 so … that; because, because of, as, since로 나타내는 이유; although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however로 나타내는 양보; 반대 의견을 인정하는 표현; on time과 in time. 다음은 33과: 과거의 습관과 지금의 습관.

핵심 종료

연습을 마치면 수업이 완료됩니다. 이후 내용은 선택 사항입니다.

수업 105

선택

단어 카드

단어 16개
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ ~하기 위하여
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ ~하도록 (+ 문장)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ 비록 ~이지만
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ ~인데도, ~이긴 하지만
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ ~에도 불구하고
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ ~에도 불구하고
  • however /haʊˈevə/ 그러나, 하지만
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ 그렇다 해도, 그래도
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ 제시간에
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ 믿을 만한, 고장이 잘 안 나는
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ 보험
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ 돌아다니다, 이동하다
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ (돈을 내고) 빌리다
  • van /væn/ 승합차, 밴
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ 운전면허증
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ 반창고

쓰기

최근에 내린 결정에 대해 여섯~일곱 문장을 쓰십시오: 무엇을 위해 그렇게 했는지, 왜 그랬는지, 무엇이 반대했는지 — 그리고 그래도 왜 여러분이 옳은지.

예시

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

체크리스트

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