Gramatika ~59 min no pamata palicis

Izskaidrot lēmumu

Pēc šīs nodarbības tu vari

Varu izskaidrot, kāpēc es kaut ko izdarīju, un atzīt iebildumu, neatsakoties no sava viedokļa.

Sākt mācību Kodols 59 min · soļi: 6 · pēc izvēles: +2

Norādītais kodola laiks. Divi kodola bloki nav ar laika norādi, tāpēc reālā nodarbība ir garāka par šo summu.

Gramatika

18 min

Izskaidrot lēmumu nozīmē atbildēt uz trim jautājumiem: kādēļ (nolūks), kāpēc (cēlonis) un „jā, bet…” (pretstats: atzīt to, kas traucēja, un tomēr palikt pie sava). Daļu vārdu jūs zināt: to + darbības vārds nozīmē „lai” (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Tagad — pilns komplekts.

Nodarbības galvenais likums ir viens: pēc dažiem vārdiem seko vesels teikums — ar teikuma priekšmetu un darbības vārdu, pēc citiem — tikai lietvārds vai forma ar -ing. Gandrīz visas kļūdas šeit rodas no tā, ka vārdu no vienas slejas liek kā vārdu no otras.

+ teikums + lietvārds vai -ing
nolūks so that — (ar darbības vārdu: to, in order to)
cēlonis because, as, since because of
pretstats although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Nolūks — kādēļ.

to + darbības vārds — visbiežākais veids: I came in early to finish the report. — „Es atnācu agrāk, lai pabeigtu atskaiti”.

in order to — tas pats, tikai oficiālāk; tā raksta vēstulēs un paziņojumos: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Noliegums — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + teikums vajadzīgs tad, kad nolūkam ir savs teikuma priekšmets: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — aizgāju es, bet ienākt vajag viņai. to šeit neder: tas pateiktu, ka ienākt taisījos es pats. Latviski abos gadījumos ir viens un tas pats „lai”, bet angliski izvēli nosaka teikuma priekšmets. Teikumā ar so that parasti stāv modālais darbības vārds: par tagadni un nākotni — can, will vai vienkārši tagadne, par pagātni — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Pierakstu, lai neaizmirstu.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Pierakstīju, lai neaizmirstu.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Runājiet skaļāk, lai visi dzird.

Sarunā that bieži izlaiž: I left the key so she could get in.

for + lietvārds — arī nolūks, bet ar priekšmetu, nevis ar darbību: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Pirms darbības vārda for neliek: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Nejauciet so that un so … that. B1 #30 bija so … that — „tik…, ka”: sekas. Šeit so that — „lai”: nolūks. Tos atšķir tas, vai starp so un that ir kāds vārds:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Aizgāju agri, lai paspētu uz vilcienu. — nolūks
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Aizgāju tik agri, ka paspēju uz agrāko vilcienu. — sekas

Cēlonis — kāpēc.

because + teikums: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + lietvārds: We took a taxi because of the rain. Nozīme ir viena, bet turpinājuma forma — dažāda.

as un since + teikums — arī „tā kā”, „tāpēc ka”. Tos ņem, kad cēlonis ir zināms abiem vai ir acīmredzams, un parasti liek teikuma sākumā: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Tas skan mazliet grāmatiskāk nekā because. since jūs zināt no A2 #5 kā „kopš”; tos atšķir darbības vārda laiks: I've lived here since I was ten — laiks, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — cēlonis.

Sarunā uz jautājumu Why? var atbildēt ar vienu Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Rakstā teikumu ar Because atsevišķi neliek: to pievieno galvenajam.

Pretstats — „lai gan”, „neskatoties uz”. Pretstats atzīst faktu, kas runā pret jums, — un tomēr ved pie jūsu lēmuma. Tieši tā atzīst iebildumu, neatsakoties no sava.

although + teikums: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — tas pats, tikai sarunvalodīgāk. Tas var stāvēt arī pašās beigās, pēc komata: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Bija dārgi. Bet mēs tomēr nopirkām”.

even though — stiprāk: fakts noteikti bija, un tas ir nopietns, bet netraucēja: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Kaut gan viņš atvainojās, viņa viņam nepiedeva”.

despite un in spite of + lietvārds vai -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — bez of, in spite of — ar of. Lai pievienotu veselu teikumu, vajag despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „tomēr”. Tas nav saiklis: tas stāv starp diviem atsevišķiem teikumiem, un pēc tā ir komats: It was raining. However, we went out. Vienkāršākais veids — but: It was raining, but we went out.

Viens saiklis vienai saitei. Latviski „lai gan…, tomēr…” ir parasts, un šo „tomēr” gribas pārnest angļu teikumā kā but vai however. Angliski although un but kopā neliek: vai nu Although it was raining, we went out, vai It was raining, but we went out.

Kā atzīt iebildumu. Gatavas formulas sarunai:

That's true, but I still think… Tā ir taisnība, bet es tomēr domāju…
I see your point, but… Saprotu, ko jūs domājat, bet…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Zinu, ka tas ir dārgi. Un tomēr tas ir tā vērts.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Lai gan tas maksā vairāk, mēs ietaupīsim laiku.

on time un in time. Latviski abus bieži saka „laikā”, bet nozīme ir dažāda:

The train left on time. tieši pēc saraksta, bez kavēšanās
We got to the station in time to catch the train. paspējām: laika pietika

on time — noteiktajā brīdī, ne vēlāk. in time — pietiekami agri, lai kaut ko paspētu: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „tieši laikā, pēdējā brīdī”.

Vēl piemēri:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Mācos spāņu valodu, lai runātu ar sievas radiem.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Rezervējām agri, lai dabūtu labu cenu.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Maču atcēla sniega dēļ.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Tā kā mums nebija mašīnas, mēs braucām ar autobusu.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Neskatoties uz visām grūtībām, projekts izdevās.

Tā nesaka. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Pēc in order to seko darbības vārds, nevis teikums.

Pārbaudiet sevi. Ar ko atšķiras I left early so that I could catch the train no I left so early that I caught the train? Pārrakstiet ar despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time vai in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

rādīt atbildes
pirmais — nolūks (lai paspētu), otrais — sekas (tik agri, ka paspēju); Despite being ill, he went to work vai Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
Reklāma

Latviešu valodas runātāju kļūdas

pielāgots tavai valodai
1

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

vai in spite of the rain. Latviešu „neskatoties uz” prasa prievārdu, un in spite of to arī piedāvā: abas konstrukcijas saplūst vienā, un of pieķeras arī despite.

2

despite + teikums

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

vai Despite the late hour… Latviski pēc „neskatoties uz to, ka” mierīgi seko vesels teikums, un „to, ka” angliski vienkārši izkrīt. Bet despite ņem tikai lietvārdu vai -ing; teikumam vajag although vai garo despite the fact that.

3

for pirms darbības vārda

✗ I came for finish the report

✓ I came to finish the report

Tā pati kļūda kā A2 #21: nolūku latviski bieži izsaka ar lietvārdu vai sarunvalodā ar „priekš”, un tas velk uz for. Pirms darbības vārda nolūku izsaka to.

4

although un but kopā

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

Latviski otrajā daļā bieži stāv vēl viens vārds — „lai gan…, tomēr…”, — un angļu teikumā tā vietā nonāk but. Angliski vienai saitei — viens saiklis.

5

because of + teikums

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

vai because of the bad traffic. Tā pati kļūda kā A2 #31: „tā dēļ, ka” un „sastrēguma dēļ” latviski ir ar vienu un to pašu „dēļ”. Pirms teikuma — tikai because.

6

Viens „laikā” diviem angļu vārdiem

✗ We got there just on time to see the start

✓ just in time to see the start

Latviski „laikā” der abām nozīmēm — „vilciens atiet laikā” un „paspējām laikā”, — bet angliski „paspēt kaut ko izdarīt” ir in time.

Izruna

4 min

Saišu vārdu uzsvars: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ un despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — uz otrās zilbes; however /haʊˈevə/ — arī uz otrās. Latviešu ieradums likt uzsvaru uz pirmās zilbes šeit traucē. because ātrā runā saraujas līdz /bɪˈkəz/ vai pat /kəz/; rakstā sarunvalodas 'cos sastopams tikai sarakstē.

though, through, thought — trīs līdzīgi vārdi, kurus pēc dzirdes viegli sajaukt:

though /ðəʊ/ — balsīgais /ð/, divskanis /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — „caur”, nebalsīgais /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — „domāja”, nebalsīgais /θ/

Pauze pēc pretstata nes nozīmi. Palīgteikuma beigās balss paceļas, tad seko īsa pauze, un galvenā daļa skan ar kritumu:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However teikuma sākumā ir atsevišķs gabals ar savu pauzi: However ‖ we went out.

Reklāma

Teksts

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Lasīšana skaļi

Vingrinājumi

32 min

1. Ievietojiet

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Rādīt atbildes
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Apvienojiet

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Rādīt atbildes
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Pārrakstiet

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Rādīt atbildes
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Kļūdas atrašana.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Rādīt atbildes
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Pārtulkojiet angliski.

1) Es atnācu agrāk, lai aizņemtu labas vietas. 2) Lai gan plāns ir dārgs, es domāju, ka tas ir tā vērts. 3) Neskatoties uz kavēšanos, mēs paspējām uz vilcienu. 4) Tā kā tu esi brīvs, palīdzi man, lūdzu. 5) Saprotu, ko jūs domājat, bet es tomēr uzskatu, ka tas ir pareizs lēmums.

Rādīt atbildes
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Atbildiet uz iebildumu,

neatsakoties no sava: atzīstiet faktu un izskaidrojiet lēmumu. Atbildes zemāk ir paraugs. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Rādīt atbildes
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
Reklāma

Kopsavilkums

Apgūts: nolūks ar to, in order to, so that un for + lietvārds; so that pret so … that; cēlonis ar because, because of, as, since; pretstats ar although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; formulas, ar kurām atzīt iebildumu; on time pret in time. Tālāk — 33. nodarbība: ieradumi agrāk un tagad.

Pamata beigas

Mācība tiek uzskatīta par pabeigtu, kad vingrinājumi ir izpildīti. Viss pēc tam ir pēc izvēles.

Mācība 105

pēc izvēles

Vārdi kartīšu kavai

16 vārdi
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ lai, nolūkā
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ lai (+ teikums)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ lai gan
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ kaut gan, pat ja
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ neskatoties uz
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ neskatoties uz, par spīti
  • however /haʊˈevə/ tomēr
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ un tomēr
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ laikā (pēc saraksta)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ uzticams, drošs
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ apdrošināšana
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ pārvietoties
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ nomāt, īrēt
  • van /væn/ furgons
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ autovadītāja apliecība
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ plāksteris

Rakstīšana

Seši septiņi teikumi par lēmumu, ko jūs nesen pieņēmāt: kādēļ jūs tā izdarījāt, kāpēc, kas runāja pretī — un kāpēc jums tomēr ir taisnība.

Paraugs

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

Pašpārbaudes saraksts

Melnraksts saglabāts šajā ierīcē
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Praktizē šo nodarbību citās sadaļās

Diktātsbalstīts uz šo mācību Pierakstiet, ko dzirdat. Pārbaude parāda katru atšķirīgo vārdu un kā. Rakstīt diktātu Lasīšana skaļibalstīts uz šo mācību Lasiet mācības tekstu skaļi — runas atpazīšana izceļ vārdus, kurus tā nesadzirdēja. Lasīt tekstu skaļi Lasīšana un klausīšanāsA1–C1 Teksti visos līmeņos ar izpratnes jautājumiem; transkripts atveras pēc atbildes. Izmēģināt

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