Pojasniti odločitev

Pojasniti odločitev pomeni odgovoriti na tri vprašanja: čemu (namen), zakaj (vzrok) in „ja, ampak…“ (dopustnost: priznati, kaj je bilo napoti, in kljub temu vztrajati pri svojem). Del besed že poznaš: to + glagol v pomenu „da bi“ (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Zdaj pa celoten nabor.

Glavno pravilo lekcije je eno: za nekaterimi besedami pride cela poved — z osebkom in glagolom, za drugimi pa samo samostalnik ali oblika na -ing. Skoraj vse napake tu nastanejo zato, ker besedo iz enega stolpca postavimo, kot da bi bila iz drugega.

Namen — čemu.

to + glagol je najpogostejši način: I came in early to finish the report. — „Prišel sem prej, da bi dokončal poročilo.“

in order to pomeni isto, le bolj uradno; tako pišejo v pismih in obvestilih: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Zanikanje — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + poved je potreben, ko ima namen svoj osebek: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — odšel sem jaz, noter pa mora priti ona. to tu ne ustreza: povedal bi, da sem nameraval noter priti jaz sam. V delu s so that navadno stoji modalni glagol: o sedanjosti in prihodnosti — can, will ali kar sedanjik, o preteklosti — could, would:

V pogovoru that pogosto izpustijo: I left the key so she could get in.

for + samostalnik je tudi namen, a s predmetom, ne z dejanjem: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Pred glagol for ne postavimo: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Ne zamenjuj so that in so … that. V B1 #30 je bil so … that — „tako …, da“: posledica. Tu je so that — „da bi“: namen. Razlikujeta se po tem, ali med so in that stoji kakšna beseda:

Vzrok — zakaj.

because + poved: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + samostalnik: We took a taxi because of the rain. Pomen je isti, nadaljevanje pa ima drugačno obliko.

as in since + poved pomenita tudi „ker, ker pač“. Vzamemo ju, ko je vzrok znan obema ali očiten, in ju navadno postavimo na začetek: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? To zveni malo bolj knjižno kot because. since poznaš iz A2 #5 kot „odkar“; razlikuje ju glagolski čas: I've lived here since I was ten — čas, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — vzrok.

V pogovoru lahko na vprašanje Why? odgovoriš samo z Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. V pisavi poved z Because ne stoji sama: pripnemo jo h glavni.

Dopustnost — „čeprav“, „kljub“. Dopustni del prizna dejstvo, ki govori proti tebi, — in te vseeno pripelje do tvoje odločitve. Prav tako priznamo ugovor, ne da bi odstopili od svojega.

although + poved: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though pomeni isto, le bolj pogovorno. Stoji lahko tudi čisto na koncu, za vejico: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Drago je bilo. Pa smo ga vseeno kupili.“

even though je močnejši: dejstvo je zagotovo bilo in je tehtno, a ni preprečilo: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Čeprav se je celo opravičil, mu ni odpustila.“

despite in in spite of + samostalnik ali -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — brez of, in spite of — z of. Da pripneš celo poved, potrebuješ despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „vendar, kljub temu“. To ni veznik: stoji med dvema samostojnima povedma, in za njim je vejica: It was raining. However, we went out. Najpreprostejši način je but: It was raining, but we went out.

En veznik za eno zvezo. Slovenščina drugi del za „čeprav“ rada okrepi z „vseeno“ („čeprav je deževalo, smo vseeno šli ven“), zato se zdi, da mora tudi angleški drugi del dobiti svojo besedo. V angleščini although in but skupaj ne stojita: ali Although it was raining, we went out, ali It was raining, but we went out.

Kako priznati ugovor. Gotove fraze za pogovor:

on time in in time. Oboje se po slovensko lahko reče „pravočasno“, pomen pa je različen:

on time — ob dogovorjenem trenutku, ne pozneje. in time — dovolj zgodaj, da kaj ujameš: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „ravno še, v zadnjem trenutku“.

Še primeri:

Tako se ne reče. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Za in order to stoji glagol, ne poved.

Preveri se. Po čem se I left early so that I could catch the train razlikuje od I left so early that I caught the train? Prepiši z despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time ali in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?