Gramatika ~59 min od osnove preostalo

Objasniti odluku

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Mogu da objasnim zašto sam nešto uradio i da priznam prigovor, a da ne odustanem od svog.

Započni lekciju Jezgro 59 min · koraci: 6 · opciono: +2

Deklarisano vreme jezgra. Dva bloka jezgra nemaju broj, pa je stvarna lekcija duža od ovog zbira.

Gramatika

18 min

Objasniti odluku znači odgovoriti na tri pitanja: s kojim ciljem (namera), zašto (uzrok) i „da, ali…“ (dopuštanje: priznati ono što je smetalo, a ipak ostati pri svom). Deo reči već znaš: to + glagol u značenju „da bih“ (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Sada — ceo komplet.

Glavno pravilo lekcije je jedno: posle jednih reči dolazi cela rečenica — sa subjektom i glagolom, posle drugih — samo imenica ili oblik na -ing. Skoro sve greške ovde nastaju zato što se reč iz jedne kolone stavi kao reč iz druge.

+ rečenica + imenica ili -ing
namera so that — (sa glagolom: to, in order to)
uzrok because, as, since because of
dopuštanje although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Namera — s kojim ciljem.

to + glagol — najčešći način: I came in early to finish the report. — „Došao sam ranije da završim izveštaj.“

in order to — isto, samo zvaničnije; tako se piše u pismima i obaveštenjima: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Odricanje — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

so that + rečenica potreban je kad namera ima svoj subjekat: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — otišao sam ja, a ući treba ona. to ovde ne odgovara: ono bi reklo da sam ja nameravao da uđem. U delu sa so that obično stoji modalni glagol: o sadašnjosti i budućnosti — can, will ili prosto sadašnje vreme, o prošlosti — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Zapisujem da ne bih zaboravio.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Zapisao sam da ne bih zaboravio.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Govorite glasnije da bi vas svi čuli.

U razgovoru se that često izostavlja: I left the key so she could get in.

for + imenica — takođe namera, ali sa predmetom, a ne sa radnjom: I went out for some milk. — „Izašao sam po mleko.“ We stopped for lunch. Ispred glagola for se ne stavlja: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Ne mešaj so that i so … that. U B1 #30 bilo je so … that — „tako…, da“: posledica. Ovde je so that — „da bi“: namera. Razlikuju se po tome da li između so i that stoji neka reč. U srpskom razliku nosi glagol posle „da“: „da bih stigao“ — namera, „da sam stigao“ — posledica.

I left early so that I could catch the train. Otišao sam rano da bih stigao na voz. — namera
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Otišao sam tako rano da sam stigao na raniji voz. — posledica

Uzrok — zašto.

because + rečenica: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + imenica: We took a taxi because of the rain. Smisao je isti, a oblik nastavka je različit.

as i since + rečenica — takođe „pošto, budući da“. Uzimaju se kad je uzrok poznat obojici ili očigledan, i obično stoje na početku: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? To zvuči malo knjiškije od because. since znaš iz A2 #5 kao „otkad“; razlikuje ih vreme glagola: I've lived here since I was ten — vreme, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — uzrok.

U razgovoru se na pitanje Why? može odgovoriti samo sa Because…: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. U pisanju se rečenica sa Because ne stavlja zasebno: ona se pripaja glavnoj.

Dopuštanje — „iako“, „uprkos“. Dopuštanje priznaje činjenicu koja govori protiv tebe — a ipak vodi ka tvojoj odluci. Upravo tako se priznaje prigovor, a da se ne odustane od svog.

although + rečenica: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — isto, samo razgovornije. Može da stoji i na samom kraju, posle zareza: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — „Bilo je skupo. Ali smo ipak kupili.“

even though — jače: činjenica je sigurno postojala, i ozbiljna je, ali nije smetala: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — „Iako joj se izvinio, nije mu oprostila.“

despite i in spite of + imenica ili -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — bez of, in spite of — sa of. Da bi se priključila cela rečenica, potrebno je despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — „međutim“. To nije veznik: stoji između dve zasebne rečenice, i posle njega dolazi zarez: It was raining. However, we went out. Najjednostavnije je but: It was raining, but we went out.

Jedan veznik za jednu vezu. U srpskom govoru često se čuje „iako…, ali…“. Na engleskom se although i but ne stavljaju zajedno: ili Although it was raining, we went out, ili It was raining, but we went out.

Kako priznati prigovor. Gotove formule za razgovor:

That's true, but I still think… To je tačno, ali i dalje mislim…
I see your point, but… Razumem šta hoćeš da kažeš, ali…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Znam da je skupo. Ipak, vredi.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Iako je skuplje, uštedeće nam vreme.

on time i in time. Na srpskom su oba „na vreme“, ali smisao je različit:

The train left on time. tačno po redu vožnje, bez kašnjenja
We got to the station in time to catch the train. stigli smo: vremena je bilo dovoljno

on time — u zakazanom trenutku, ne kasnije. in time — dovoljno rano da se nešto stigne: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — „taman smo stigli, u poslednjem trenutku“.

Još primera:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Učim španski da bih razgovarao sa ženinom porodicom.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Rezervisali smo rano da bismo dobili dobru cenu.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Utakmica je otkazana zbog snega.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Pošto nismo imali kola, išli smo autobusom.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Uprkos svim problemima, projekat je uspeo.

Tako se ne kaže. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Posle in order to dolazi glagol, a ne rečenica.

Proveri se. Po čemu se razlikuje I left early so that I could catch the train od I left so early that I caught the train? Prepiši sa despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time ili in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

prikaži odgovore
prvo je namera (da bih stigao), drugo posledica (tako rano da sam stigao); Despite being ill, he went to work ili Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
Oglas

Greške govornika srpskog jezika

prilagođeno vašem jeziku
1

despite + rečenica

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Although it was late…

ili Despite the late hour… Srpsko „uprkos tome što je bilo kasno“ prelazi u engleski kao despite + cela rečenica. Ali despite uzima samo imenicu ili -ing; za rečenicu treba although ili dugo despite the fact that.

2

„Na vreme“ uvek kao on time

✗ We got there just on time to see the start

✓ just in time

Srpsko „na vreme“ se doslovno prevodi kao on time, pa i kad je smisao „stigli smo, nije bilo kasno“. To je in time; on time znači „tačno po rasporedu“.

3

because of + rečenica

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

ili because of the bad traffic. „Zbog toga što“ počinje sa „zbog“, pa se ispred rečenice stavi because of. Ali because of stoji samo ispred imenice.

4

although i but zajedno

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

Razgovorno „iako…, ali…“ unosi but i u engleski. Za jednu vezu — jedan veznik.

5

for ispred glagola

✗ I went to the shop for buy some bread

✓ I went to the shop to buy some bread

Srpsko „za“ i „radi“ vuku ka for, ali namera ispred glagola je to — ista greška kao u A2 #21.

Izgovor

4 min

Naglasak u veznicima: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ i despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — na drugom slogu; however /haʊˈevə/ — takođe na drugom. because se u brzom govoru skraćuje na /bɪˈkəz/ ili čak /kəz/; u pisanju se razgovorno 'cos sreće samo u porukama.

though, through, thought — tri slične reči koje je lako pomešati na sluh:

though /ðəʊ/ — zvučno /ð/, diftong /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — „kroz“, bezvučno /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — „mislio“, bezvučno /θ/

Pauza posle dopusnog dela nosi smisao. Glas se na kraju zavisne rečenice penje, zatim dolazi kratka pauza, a glavni deo zvuči sa padom:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

However na početku rečenice — zaseban deo sa svojom pauzom: However ‖ we went out.

Oglas

Tekst

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Čitanje naglas

Vežbe

32 min

1. Upiši

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Prikaži odgovore
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Spoji

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Prikaži odgovore
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Prepiši

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Prikaži odgovore
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Pronalaženje greške.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Prikaži odgovore
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Prevedi na engleski.

1) Došao sam ranije da zauzmem dobra mesta. 2) Iako je plan skup, mislim da vredi. 3) Uprkos kašnjenju, stigli smo na voz. 4) Kad si već slobodan, pomozi mi, molim te. 5) Razumem šta hoćete da kažete, ali i dalje mislim da je to prava odluka.

Prikaži odgovore
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Odgovori na prigovor,

a da ne odustaneš od svog: priznaj činjenicu i objasni odluku. Odgovori ispod su primer. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Prikaži odgovore
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
Oglas

Rezime

Obrađeno: namera preko to, in order to, so that i for + imenica; so that naspram so … that; uzrok preko because, because of, as, since; dopuštanje preko although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; formule za priznavanje prigovora; on time naspram in time. Sledi lekcija 33: navike nekad i sad.

Kraj osnove

Lekcija se računa kao završena kada se urade vežbe. Sve nakon ovoga je opciono.

Lekcija 105

opciono

Reči za špil

16 reči
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ kako bi, s ciljem da
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ da bi (+ rečenica)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ iako
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ iako, uprkos tome što
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ uprkos
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ uprkos, i pored
  • however /haʊˈevə/ međutim
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ pa ipak, ipak
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ na vreme (po rasporedu)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ pouzdan
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ osiguranje
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ kretati se, prevoziti se
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ iznajmiti
  • van /væn/ kombi
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ vozačka dozvola
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ flaster

Pisanje

Šest-sedam rečenica o odluci koju si nedavno doneo: s kojim ciljem si tako uradio, zbog čega, šta je govorilo protiv — i zašto si ipak u pravu.

Primer

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

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