Menerangkan keputusan
Saya boleh menerangkan untuk apa saya melakukan sesuatu, dan mengakui bantahan tanpa melepaskan pendirian saya.
Masa teras yang diisytiharkan. Dua blok teras tidak membawa sebarang angka, jadi pelajaran sebenar lebih panjang daripada jumlah ini.
Tatabahasa
18 minMenerangkan keputusan bermakna menjawab tiga soalan: untuk apa (tujuan), mengapa (sebab) dan “ya, tetapi…” (konsesi: mengakui perkara yang menghalang, dan tetap mempertahankan pendirian sendiri). Sebahagian perkataannya sudah anda ketahui: to + kata kerja dengan makna “untuk” (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Sekarang — set yang lengkap.
Peraturan utama pelajaran ini hanya satu: selepas sesetengah perkataan datang ayat penuh — dengan subjek dan kata kerja, selepas yang lain — hanya kata nama atau bentuk -ing. Hampir semua kesilapan di sini berpunca daripada perkataan dari satu lajur yang digunakan seperti perkataan dari lajur yang lain.
| + ayat | + kata nama atau -ing | |
|---|---|---|
| tujuan | so that | — (dengan kata kerja: to, in order to) |
| sebab | because, as, since | because of |
| konsesi | although, though, even though | despite, in spite of |
Tujuan — untuk apa.
to + kata kerja — cara yang paling kerap: I came in early to finish the report. — “Saya datang awal untuk menyiapkan laporan”.
in order to — sama, cuma lebih rasmi; begini ditulis dalam surat dan pengumuman: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Bentuk nafinya — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.
so that + ayat diperlukan apabila tujuan itu mempunyai subjeknya sendiri: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — yang keluar ialah saya, yang perlu masuk ialah dia. to tidak sesuai di sini: ia akan bermaksud bahawa saya sendiri yang hendak masuk. Dalam bahagian so that biasanya ada kata kerja modal: tentang masa kini dan masa depan — can, will atau kala kini sahaja, tentang masa lampau — could, would:
| I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. | Saya mencatatnya supaya tidak lupa. |
| I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. | Saya telah mencatatnya supaya tidak lupa. |
| Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. | Cakap lebih kuat supaya semua orang dapat mendengar. |
Dalam percakapan that sering digugurkan: I left the key so she could get in.
for + kata nama — juga tujuan, tetapi dengan benda, bukan dengan perbuatan: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Sebelum kata kerja for tidak digunakan: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.
Jangan keliru antara so that dan so … that. Di B1 #30 ada so … that — “begitu… sehingga”: akibat. Di sini so that — “supaya”: tujuan. Bezanya ialah sama ada ada perkataan di antara so dan that:
| I left early so that I could catch the train. | Saya keluar awal supaya sempat menaiki kereta api. — tujuan |
| I left so early that I caught the earlier train. | Saya keluar begitu awal sehingga sempat menaiki kereta api yang lebih awal. — akibat |
Sebab — mengapa.
because + ayat: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + kata nama: We took a taxi because of the rain. Maknanya sama, tetapi bentuk sambungannya berbeza.
as dan since + ayat — juga “oleh sebab, memandangkan”. Kedua-duanya digunakan apabila sebabnya diketahui oleh kedua-dua pihak atau sudah jelas, dan biasanya diletakkan di awal ayat: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Bunyinya sedikit lebih formal daripada because. since anda kenali dari A2 #5 sebagai “sejak”; yang membezakan kedua-dua makna ialah kala kata kerjanya: I've lived here since I was ten — masa, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — sebab.
Dalam percakapan soalan Why? boleh dijawab dengan Because… sahaja: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Dalam tulisan ayat dengan Because tidak berdiri sendiri: ia disambungkan kepada ayat utama.
Konsesi — “walaupun”, “di sebalik”. Konsesi mengakui fakta yang menentang anda — dan tetap membawa kepada keputusan anda. Begitulah cara mengakui bantahan tanpa melepaskan pendirian sendiri.
although + ayat: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — sama, cuma lebih santai. Ia boleh juga berdiri di hujung sekali, selepas koma: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — “Memang mahal. Tapi kami beli juga”.
even though — lebih kuat: fakta itu memang ada, dan ia berat, tetapi tidak menghalang: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — “Walaupun lelaki itu sudah meminta maaf, wanita itu tetap tidak memaafkannya”.
despite dan in spite of + kata nama atau -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — tanpa of, in spite of — dengan of. Untuk menyambung ayat penuh, perlu despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.
however — “namun”. Ini bukan kata hubung: ia berdiri di antara dua ayat yang berasingan, dan selepasnya ada koma: It was raining. However, we went out. Cara yang paling mudah — but: It was raining, but we went out.
Satu kata hubung untuk satu hubungan. Dalam bahasa Melayu “walaupun…, tetapi…” dan “walaupun…, namun…” lazim didengar. Dalam bahasa Inggeris although dan but tidak digunakan bersama: sama ada Although it was raining, we went out, atau It was raining, but we went out.
Cara mengakui bantahan. Ungkapan siap untuk perbualan:
| That's true, but I still think… | Itu benar, tetapi saya tetap berpendapat… |
| I see your point, but… | Saya faham maksud anda, tetapi… |
| I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. | Saya tahu ia mahal. Namun begitu, ia berbaloi. |
| Although it costs more, it'll save us time. | Walaupun lebih mahal, ia akan menjimatkan masa kita. |
on time dan in time. Kedua-duanya sering diterjemahkan “tepat pada masanya”, tetapi maknanya berbeza:
| The train left on time. | tepat mengikut jadual, tidak lewat |
| We got to the station in time to catch the train. | sempat: masanya mencukupi |
on time — pada saat yang ditetapkan, tidak lewat. in time — cukup awal untuk sempat melakukan sesuatu: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — “sempat juga, pada saat-saat akhir”.
Contoh lain:
| I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. | Saya belajar bahasa Sepanyol untuk bercakap dengan keluarga isteri saya. |
| We booked early so that we could get a good price. | Kami menempah awal supaya dapat harga yang baik. |
| The match was cancelled because of the snow. | Perlawanan itu dibatalkan kerana salji. |
| As we had no car, we took the bus. | Oleh sebab kami tiada kereta, kami menaiki bas. |
| Despite all the problems, the project was a success. | Di sebalik semua masalah itu, projek tersebut berjaya. |
Jangan sebut begini. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Selepas in order to datang kata kerja, bukan ayat.
Uji diri anda. Apakah beza antara I left early so that I could catch the train dengan I left so early that I caught the train? Tulis semula dengan despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time atau in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?
tunjukkan jawapan
Kesilapan penutur bahasa Melayu
ditulis untuk bahasa andadespite + ayat
✗ Despite it was late, we kept working
✓ Although it was late…
atau Despite the late hour… despite dihafal sebagai “walaupun”, dan selepas “walaupun” bahasa Melayu meletakkan ayat penuh (“walaupun sudah lewat”). Dalam bahasa Inggeris despite menerima hanya kata nama atau -ing; untuk ayat perlu although atau despite the fact that yang panjang.
despite of
✗ despite of the rain
✓ despite the rain
atau in spite of the rain. Kedua-dua bentuk bermaksud “walaupun”, lalu bercampur: of daripada in spite of dilekatkan pada despite.
for sebelum kata kerja
✗ I came for finish the report
✓ I came to finish the report
“Untuk” sepadan dengan for dan juga to, dan sebelum kata kerja ia diterjemahkan sebagai for. Ini kesilapan yang sama seperti di A2 #21.
although dan but bersama
✗ Although it was raining, but we went out
✓ Although it was raining, we went out
“Walaupun…, tetapi…” lazim dalam bahasa Melayu, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggeris satu hubungan — satu kata hubung.
because of + ayat
✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad
✓ because the traffic was bad
atau because of the bad traffic. “Kerana” boleh diikuti kata nama (“kerana hujan”) dan juga ayat (“kerana jalan sesak”); dalam bahasa Inggeris because of — hanya sebelum kata nama.
so that tanpa subjek
✗ I'm learning English so that get a better job
✓ so that I can get a better job
atau to get a better job. Selepas “supaya” bahasa Melayu boleh menggugurkan subjek (“supaya dapat kerja yang lebih baik”); selepas so that subjek dan kata kerja wajib ada.
Sebutan
4 minTekanan pada kata penghubung: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ dan despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — pada suku kata kedua; however /haʊˈevə/ — juga pada yang kedua. because dalam pertuturan pantas dipendekkan menjadi /bɪˈkəz/ atau malah /kəz/; dalam tulisan, 'cos yang santai hanya muncul dalam mesej.
though, through, thought — tiga perkataan yang serupa dan mudah tertukar apabila didengar:
| though | /ðəʊ/ — /ð/ bersuara, diftong /əʊ/ |
| through | /θruː/ — “melalui”, /θ/ tidak bersuara |
| thought | /θɔːt/ — “berfikir” (lampau), /θ/ tidak bersuara |
Jeda selepas konsesi membawa makna. Suara naik di hujung klausa konsesi, kemudian ada jeda pendek, dan bahagian utama diucapkan dengan nada turun:
Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.
However di awal ayat — potongan tersendiri dengan jedanya sendiri: However ‖ we went out.
Teks
5 minLast month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.
So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.
My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.
And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.
I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.
Latihan
32 min1. Isikan
- I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
- I'll leave the door open you can get in
- The flight was cancelled the fog
- We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
- it was late, she kept working
- the noise, I slept well
- The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
- The train left — at exactly 8.15
- We got to the cinema just to see the start
Tunjukkan jawapan
2. Gabungkan
- I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
- I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
- We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
- The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
- It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
- He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
- I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Tunjukkan jawapan
3. Tulis semula
- Although it was raining, we played tennis.
- Although she was ill, she came to work.
- Although we left early, we missed the train.
- Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
- Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Tunjukkan jawapan
4. Pengesanan kesilapan.
- Despite of the rain, we went out.
- Although it was late, but we kept talking.
- I went to the shop for buy some bread.
- We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
- Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
- I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Tunjukkan jawapan
5. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris.
1) Saya datang awal untuk mendapatkan tempat duduk yang baik. 2) Walaupun pelan itu mahal, saya rasa ia berbaloi. 3) Walaupun ada kelewatan, kami sempat menaiki kereta api. 4) Memandangkan awak lapang, tolong bantu saya. 5) Saya faham maksud anda, tetapi saya tetap berpendapat bahawa ini keputusan yang betul.
Tunjukkan jawapan
6. Jawab bantahan
tanpa melepaskan pendirian anda: akui faktanya dan terangkan keputusan anda. Jawapan di bawah hanyalah contoh. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?
Tunjukkan jawapan
Rumusan
Telah dipelajari: tujuan melalui to, in order to, so that dan for + kata nama; so that berbanding so … that; sebab melalui because, because of, as, since; konsesi melalui although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; ungkapan untuk mengakui bantahan; on time berbanding in time. Seterusnya — pelajaran 33: tabiat dahulu dan sekarang.
Tamat teras
Pelajaran dikira selesai apabila latihan sudah dilakukan. Semua selepas ini adalah pilihan.
pilihan
Kosa kata untuk dek
16 perkataan- in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ bagi tujuan, untuk
- so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ supaya (+ ayat)
- although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ walaupun
- even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ walaupun, sekalipun
- despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ walaupun (+ kata nama), di sebalik
- in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ walaupun (+ kata nama), di sebalik
- however /haʊˈevə/ namun, walau bagaimanapun
- even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ namun begitu
- on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ tepat pada masanya
- reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ boleh diharap
- insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ insurans
- get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ bergerak ke sana sini
- hire /ˈhaɪə/ menyewa
- van /væn/ van
- driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ lesen memandu
- plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ plaster (pembalut luka)
Penulisan
Enam atau tujuh ayat tentang keputusan yang baru-baru ini anda buat: untuk apa anda berbuat begitu, mengapa, apa yang menentangnya — dan mengapa anda tetap betul.
Contoh
Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.
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