Gramatika ~59 min ng core ang natitira

Ipaliwanag ang isang desisyon

Pagkatapos ng araling ito, maaari mong

Kaya kong ipaliwanag kung bakit ko ginawa ang isang bagay, at kilalanin ang pagtutol nang hindi binibitawan ang sariling posisyon.

Simulan ang aralin Pangunahin 59 min · hakbang: 6 · opsyonal: +2

Inihayag na oras ng pangunahing bahagi. Dalawa sa mga pangunahing bloke ay walang numero, kaya mas mahaba ang tunay na aralin kaysa sa kabuuan nito.

Gramatika

18 min

Ang pagpapaliwanag ng desisyon ay pagsagot sa tatlong tanong: para saan (layunin), bakit (dahilan) at “oo, pero…” (konsesyon: aminin ang humahadlang, at panindigan pa rin ang sarili). Kilala na ninyo ang ilang salita: to + pandiwa bilang “para” (A2 #21), because, so, because of (A2 #31). Ngayon — ang buong hanay.

Iisa ang pangunahing tuntunin ng aralin: pagkatapos ng ilang salita, buong pangungusap ang kasunod — may simuno at pandiwa; pagkatapos ng iba, pangngalan lang o anyong may -ing. Halos lahat ng mali rito ay dahil inilalagay ang salita ng isang hanay na parang salita ng kabilang hanay.

+ pangungusap + pangngalan o -ing
layunin so that — (kasama ng pandiwa: to, in order to)
dahilan because, as, since because of
konsesyon although, though, even though despite, in spite of

Layunin — para saan.

to + pandiwa — ang pinakamadalas na paraan: I came in early to finish the report. — “Maaga akong dumating para tapusin ang report”.

in order to — pareho, mas pormal lang; ganito ang isinusulat sa mga liham at anunsiyo: We have changed the timetable in order to reduce delays. Ang negatibo — in order not to: I left early in order not to miss the train.

Kailangan ang so that + pangungusap kapag may sariling simuno ang layunin: I left the key under the mat so that she could get in. — ako ang umalis, pero siya ang dapat makapasok. Hindi puwede rito ang to: sasabihin nitong ako mismo ang balak pumasok. Sa loob ng so that, karaniwang may pandiwang modal: tungkol sa kasalukuyan at hinaharap — can, will o simpleng kasalukuyan, tungkol sa nakaraan — could, would:

I'm writing it down so that I don't forget. Isinusulat ko para hindi ko makalimutan.
I wrote it down so that I wouldn't forget. Isinulat ko para hindi ko makalimutan.
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. Lakasan ninyo ang boses para marinig kayo ng lahat.

Sa usapan, madalas inaalis ang that: I left the key so she could get in.

for + pangngalan — layunin din, pero bagay ang pakay, hindi kilos: I went out for some milk. We stopped for lunch. Hindi inilalagay ang for bago ang pandiwa: ✗ for buy → ✓ to buy.

Huwag paghaluin ang so that at so … that. Sa B1 #30, may so … that — “sobrang… kaya”: kinahinatnan. Dito, ang so that — “para”: layunin. Ang pagkakaiba ay kung may salita sa pagitan ng so at that:

I left early so that I could catch the train. Umalis ako nang maaga para maabutan ang tren. — layunin
I left so early that I caught the earlier train. Sobrang aga kong umalis kaya naabutan ko ang mas maagang tren. — kinahinatnan

Dahilan — bakit.

because + pangungusap: We took a taxi because it was raining. because of + pangngalan: We took a taxi because of the rain. Iisa ang kahulugan, pero magkaiba ang anyo ng kasunod.

as at since + pangungusap — “dahil”, “yamang”, “tutal”. Ginagamit ang mga ito kapag alam ng dalawa ang dahilan o halata ito, at karaniwang inilalagay sa simula: As it was late, we decided to stay. Since you're here, can you help me? Medyo mas pormal ang tunog nito kaysa sa because. Kilala ninyo ang since mula sa A2 #5 bilang “mula nang”; ang panahunan ng pandiwa ang nagpapakita ng pagkakaiba: I've lived here since I was ten — panahon, Since you're busy, I'll ask Tom — dahilan.

Sa usapan, puwedeng sagutin ang Why? ng Because… lang: — Why are you leaving? — Because I'm tired. Sa pagsulat, hindi inilalagay nang hiwalay ang pangungusap na may Because: ikinakabit ito sa pangunahing pangungusap.

Konsesyon — “kahit”, “sa kabila ng”. Inaamin ng konsesyon ang katotohanang salungat sa inyo — at humahantong pa rin sa inyong desisyon. Ganito mismo kinikilala ang pagtutol nang hindi binibitawan ang sariling posisyon.

although + pangungusap: Although it was expensive, we bought it. though — pareho, mas kolokyal lang. Puwede rin itong ilagay sa pinakadulo, pagkatapos ng kuwit: It was expensive. We bought it, though. — “Mahal iyon. Pero binili pa rin namin”.

even though — mas malakas: talagang nangyari ang bagay, at mabigat ito, pero hindi ito nakahadlang: Even though he apologised, she didn't forgive him. — “Kahit humingi pa siya ng tawad, hindi siya pinatawad ng babae”.

despite at in spite of + pangngalan o -ing: Despite the rain, we went out. In spite of being tired, she finished the report. despite — walang of, in spite of — may of. Para ikabit ang buong pangungusap, kailangan ang despite the fact that: Despite the fact that it was raining, we went out.

however — “gayunman”. Hindi ito pangatnig: nasa pagitan ito ng dalawang magkahiwalay na pangungusap, at may kuwit pagkatapos nito: It was raining. However, we went out. Ang pinakasimpleng paraan — but: It was raining, but we went out.

Isang pangatnig sa isang ugnayan. Sa Tagalog, maririnig ang “Kahit umuulan, pero lumabas pa rin kami”. Sa Ingles, hindi pinagsasama ang although at but: alinman sa Although it was raining, we went out, o It was raining, but we went out.

Paano kilalanin ang pagtutol. Mga handang pormula para sa usapan:

That's true, but I still think… Totoo iyan, pero sa tingin ko pa rin…
I see your point, but… Naiintindihan ko ang punto ninyo, pero…
I know it's expensive. Even so, it's worth it. Alam kong mahal. Gayunpaman, sulit ito.
Although it costs more, it'll save us time. Kahit mas mahal ito, makakatipid tayo ng oras.

on time at in time. Sa Tagalog, puwedeng “sa oras” o “sa tamang oras” ang dalawa, pero magkaiba ang kahulugan:

The train left on time. eksakto ayon sa iskedyul, walang pagkahuli
We got to the station in time to catch the train. umabot: may sapat na oras

on time — sa itinakdang sandali, hindi lalampas. in time — sapat na maaga para may maabutan o magawa: in time for dinner, in time to say goodbye. just in time — “umabot nang saktong-sakto, sa huling sandali”.

Iba pang halimbawa:

I'm learning Spanish to talk to my wife's family. Nag-aaral ako ng Espanyol para makausap ang pamilya ng asawa ko.
We booked early so that we could get a good price. Maaga kaming nag-book para makakuha ng magandang presyo.
The match was cancelled because of the snow. Kinansela ang laro dahil sa niyebe.
As we had no car, we took the bus. Dahil wala kaming kotse, nag-bus kami.
Despite all the problems, the project was a success. Sa kabila ng lahat ng problema, nagtagumpay ang proyekto.

Hindi ganito ang sinasabi. ✗ in order to that she could come → ✓ so that she could come. Pandiwa ang kasunod ng in order to, hindi pangungusap.

Subukin ang sarili. Ano ang pagkakaiba ng I left early so that I could catch the train at I left so early that I caught the train? Isulat muli gamit ang despite: Although he was ill, he went to work. on time o in time: We got there just ___ to see the start?

ipakita ang mga sagot
ang una — layunin (para umabot), ang ikalawa — kinahinatnan (sobrang aga kaya umabot); Despite being ill, he went to work o Despite his illness, he went to work; in time.
Patalastas

Mga mali ng mga nagsasalita ng Filipino

isinulat para sa iyong wika
1

for bago ang pandiwa

✗ I came for finish the report

✓ I came to finish the report

for ang madalas na katapat ng “para”, pero bago ang pandiwa, to ang “para”. Ito rin ang mali sa A2 #21.

2

Iisang “kahit” para sa lahat

✗ Even it was late, we kept working

✗ Despite it was late, we kept working

✓ Even though it was late…

o Although it was late…. Puwedeng sundan ng buong pangungusap ang “kahit” (“kahit gabi na”). Sa Ingles, although at even though lang ang may pangungusap pagkatapos; ang even nang mag-isa at ang despite — hindi.

3

despite of

✗ despite of the rain

✓ despite the rain

o in spite of the rain. Sa “sa kabila ng ulan”, parang of ang “ng”, kaya idinadagdag ito sa despite.

4

although at but nang sabay

✗ Although it was raining, but we went out

✓ Although it was raining, we went out

Natural sa usapan ang “Kahit…, pero…”, pero sa Ingles, isang pangatnig lang sa isang ugnayan.

5

because of + pangungusap

✗ We were late because of the traffic was bad

✓ because the traffic was bad

o because of the bad traffic. Puwede ang “kasi” bago ang dalawa (A2 #31); ang because of — bago lang ang pangngalan.

Pagbigkas

4 min

Diin ng mga pang-ugnay: although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ at despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ — nasa ikalawang pantig; however /haʊˈevə/ — nasa ikalawa rin. Sa mabilis na pananalita, umiikli ang because hanggang /bɪˈkəz/ o kahit /kəz/; sa pagsulat, sa chat lang makikita ang kolokyal na 'cos.

though, through, thought — tatlong magkakahawig na salitang madaling mapagpalit sa pakikinig:

though /ðəʊ/ — may tinig na /ð/, diptonggong /əʊ/
through /θruː/ — “sa pamamagitan ng, sa loob”, walang tinig na /θ/
thought /θɔːt/ — “nag-isip”, walang tinig na /θ/

May kahulugan ang hinto pagkatapos ng konsesyon. Tumataas ang boses sa dulo ng bahaging may pangatnig, may maikling hinto, at bumababa ang tono ng pangunahing bahagi:

Although it was raining ↗ ‖ we went out ↘.

Ang However sa simula ng pangungusap — hiwalay na piraso na may sariling hinto: However ‖ we went out.

Patalastas

Teksto

5 min

Last month I sold my car, and most of my friends think I've made a mistake. I understand why. Although the car was old, it was reliable, and I loved driving it.

So why did I do it? Mainly because of money. Since I started working from home, I've used the car about once a week, but I've still paid for insurance and parking every month. I sold it in order to save that money, and I bought a good bike so that I could still get around town.

My sister said, "You'll regret it as soon as winter comes." That's true, I'm sure — cycling in the rain isn't fun. Even so, I think it was the right decision. Despite the bad weather last week, I got to work on time every day, and I feel fitter than I have for years.

And when I really need a car, I can hire one. Last Saturday I hired a small van to help my brother move house. We got everything into it just in time to return it before six, and it cost much less than a month of parking.

I didn't sell my car because I hate driving. I sold it because I didn't need it any more. However, I've kept my driving licence in my wallet. You never know.

Pagbasa nang malakas

Mga pagsasanay

32 min

1. Ilagay

  1. I went to the chemist's buy some plasters
  2. I'll leave the door open you can get in
  3. The flight was cancelled the fog
  4. We stayed at home it was too cold to go out
  5. it was late, she kept working
  6. the noise, I slept well
  7. The hotel was lovely. , the food was terrible
  8. The train left — at exactly 8.15
  9. We got to the cinema just to see the start
Ipakita ang mga sagot
to; so that; because of; because; Although; Despite; However; on time; in time

2. Pagsamahin

  1. I'm saving money. I want to buy a car. (to)
  2. I'll write the address down. I don't want to forget it. (so that)
  3. We didn't go out. It was raining. (because)
  4. The match was cancelled. There was snow. (because of)
  5. It was very expensive. We bought it. (although)
  6. He was tired. He drove all night. (even though)
  7. I gave her my number. I wanted her to call me. (so that)
Ipakita ang mga sagot
I'm saving money to buy a car / I'm saving money in order to buy a car; I'll write the address down so that I don't forget it / I'll write the address down so that I won't forget it / I'll write down the address so that I don't forget it; We didn't go out because it was raining; The match was cancelled because of the snow; Although it was very expensive, we bought it / We bought it although it was very expensive; Even though he was tired, he drove all night / He drove all night even though he was tired; I gave her my number so that she could call me / I gave her my number so she could call me

3. Isulat muli

  1. Although it was raining, we played tennis.
  2. Although she was ill, she came to work.
  3. Although we left early, we missed the train.
  4. Although the traffic was heavy, we arrived on time.
  5. Although he had little experience, he got the job.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Despite the rain, we played tennis / In spite of the rain, we played tennis; Despite being ill, she came to work / In spite of being ill, she came to work / Despite her illness, she came to work; Despite leaving early, we missed the train / In spite of leaving early, we missed the train; Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived on time / In spite of the heavy traffic, we arrived on time; Despite having little experience, he got the job / In spite of having little experience, he got the job

4. Paghahanap ng mali.

  1. Despite of the rain, we went out.
  2. Although it was late, but we kept talking.
  3. I went to the shop for buy some bread.
  4. We were late because of the traffic was terrible.
  5. Despite it was cold, she didn't wear a coat.
  6. I'm learning English so that get a better job.
Ipakita ang mga sagot
Despite the rain, we went out / In spite of the rain, we went out; Although it was late, we kept talking / It was late, but we kept talking; I went to the shop to buy some bread; We were late because the traffic was terrible / We were late because of the terrible traffic; Although it was cold, she didn't wear a coat / Despite the cold, she didn't wear a coat; I'm learning English so that I can get a better job / I'm learning English to get a better job

5. Isalin sa Ingles.

1) Maaga akong dumating para makakuha ng magagandang upuan. 2) Kahit mahal ang plano, sa tingin ko sulit ito. 3) Sa kabila ng pagkaantala, naabutan namin ang tren. 4) Tutal libre ka naman, pakitulungan mo ako. 5) Naiintindihan ko ang punto ninyo, pero sa tingin ko pa rin ay tamang desisyon ito.

Ipakita ang mga sagot
I came early to get good seats / I came early so that we could get good seats; Although the plan is expensive, I think it's worth it; Despite the delay, we caught the train / In spite of the delay, we caught the train; Since you're free, could you help me? / Since you're free, please help me / As you're free, could you help me?; I see your point, but I still think it's the right decision

6. Sagutin ang pagtutol

nang hindi binibitawan ang sariling posisyon: aminin ang katotohanan at ipaliwanag ang desisyon. Halimbawa lang ang mga sagot sa ibaba. 1) Why did you buy such an expensive phone? 2) Why are you taking the train? Flying is quicker. 3) Why did you leave such a good job?

Ipakita ang mga sagot
I know it was expensive, but I use it for work every day, so it's worth it; That's true, but I'm taking the train so that I can work on the way; Although the job was good, I left it because I wanted to spend more time with my children
Patalastas

Buod

Natalakay: layunin gamit ang to, in order to, so that at for + pangngalan; so that laban sa so … that; dahilan gamit ang because, because of, as, since; konsesyon gamit ang although, though, even though, despite, in spite of, however; mga pormula para kilalanin ang pagtutol; on time laban sa in time. Susunod — aralin 33: mga nakagawian noon at ngayon.

Dulo ng core

Itinuturing na tapos ang aralin kapag nagawa na ang mga ehersisyo. Lahat pagkatapos nito ay opsyonal.

Aralin 105

opsyonal

Bokabularyo para sa deck

16 salita
  • in order to /ɪn ˈɔːdə tə/ upang, para (pormal)
  • so that /ˈsəʊ ðət/ para (+ pangungusap)
  • although /ɔːlˈðəʊ/ kahit, bagaman
  • even though /ˌiːvn ˈðəʊ/ kahit pa, kahit na
  • despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ sa kabila ng
  • in spite of /ɪn ˈspaɪt əv/ sa kabila ng
  • however /haʊˈevə/ gayunman
  • even so /ˌiːvn ˈsəʊ/ gayunpaman, kahit ganoon
  • on time /ɒn ˈtaɪm/ nasa oras (ayon sa iskedyul)
  • reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ maaasahan
  • insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ insurance, seguro
  • get around /ˌɡet əˈraʊnd/ makapaglibot, makabiyahe
  • hire /ˈhaɪə/ umupa (ng sasakyan, gamit)
  • van /væn/ van
  • driving licence /ˈdraɪvɪŋ ˌlaɪsns/ lisensiya sa pagmamaneho
  • plaster /ˈplɑːstə/ band-aid, plaster sa sugat

Pagsulat

Anim o pitong pangungusap tungkol sa isang desisyong ginawa ninyo kamakailan: para saan ninyo ito ginawa, bakit, ano ang salungat dito — at bakit tama pa rin kayo.

Halimbawa

Last year I moved to a smaller flat. I did it because of the rent, which had become too high. I also wanted to live closer to work so that I could walk there. My friends said the flat was too small. That's true, but I don't need much space. Although I miss my old balcony, I'm happier now. Despite the smaller kitchen, I cook more than before.

Checklist

Nai-save ang draft sa device na ito
Patalastas

Magsanay sa araling ito sa iba pang mga seksyon

Diktasyonbatay sa araling ito Isulat ang naririnig mo. Ipinapakita ng tsek ang bawat salitang iba, at paano. Isulat ang dikta Pagbasa nang malakasbatay sa araling ito Basahin nang malakas ang teksto ng aralin — itinatampok ng speech recognition ang mga salitang hindi nito nahuli. Basahin nang malakas ang teksto Pagbasa at pakikinigA1–C1 Mga teksto sa bawat antas na may mga tanong sa pag-unawa; bubukas ang transcript pagkatapos mong sagutin. Subukan

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